CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xii 1 Green Architecture: Overview Introduction: Ecosystems and Natural Environments 1 Human Impact on the Natural Environment 2 Architectural Impact on the Natural Environment 11 Responsibility of Architecture 23 2 Definitions and Operationalizations of Green Architecture 27 Sustainability 27 Sustainable Architecture 28 Ecology 32 Ecological Architecture 32 Performance 36 Green 39 Measurement of Green 40 3 Brief History of Green Architecture 43 Early Beginnings 43 Shelters and Early Technology 44 Population Increase 44 Ecological/Environmental Changes 45 The Rise of Environmental Awareness 46 Conservation Movement 47 The Birth of Modern Environmentalism and Specialized Movements 48 4 Green Technologies : Energy Generation 67 Energy Generation 68 Bioenergy 69 Solar Energy 72 Geothermal Energy 78 Wind Energy 79 Hydro Energy 81 Blue Energy 82 Fuel Cell Energy 83 Hybrid Systems 84 5 Green Technologies: Energy Retention 85 Insulation Systems 85 Heating/Cooling Systems 89 Ventilation Systems 91 Water and Waste Management Systems 92 6 Green Materials f 03 Biomaterials/Biotic Materials 103 Composites 115 7 Smart Materials 125 Thermo-Responsive Materials 125 Light-Responsive Materials 130 Stimulus (Force)-Responsive Materials 131 Nanomaterials 132 8 Case Studies f 35 Advanced Green Buildings 135 Active Solar Buildings 207 Passive Solar Buildings 223 Modular and Mobile Systems 243 Solar Decathlon Projects 265 Solar Decathlon 2002 266 Solar Decathlon 2005 283 Solar Decathlon 2007 304 Bibliography 329 Index 341