CONTENTS PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii NOTATION xv 1 OVERVIEW 1 I. I Introduction / 1 1.2 Concepts, Terminology, and Source of Earthquakes / 2 1.3 Wave Propagation and Velocities / 5 1.4 Magnitude of Earthquakes / 7 1.5 Building Damage / 7 1.6 Structural Failures: Overall Failure / 10 1.7 Component or Joint Failure / 17 1.8 Code Design Forces: Reserve Strength to Counter Extreme Forces / 21 2 SEISMIC DESIGN REGULATIONS 25 2.1 Building Codes / 25 2.2 UBC 1997: A Model Code / 26 2.3 Interaction of Building Codes and Other Standards / 27 2.4 IBC 2006 / 29 3REINFORCED-CONCRETE STRUCTURES 3.1 Introduction / 36 3.2 Shearing Resistance of RC Beams / 40 3.3 Development Length / 45 3.4 Northridge Experience / 49 3.5 Case 1: Reinforced-Concrete Parking Garage / 50 3.6 Case 2: Reinforced-Concrete Retaining Wall System / 62 References / 67 4 SEISMIC STEEL DESIGN: SMRF 4.1 Design of SMRF Structure: LRFD Method / 68 4.2 Design Steps / 69 4.3 Project Description: Four-Story Office Building / 70 4.4 Project Layout and Typical SMRF per UBC 1994 / 70 4.5 1994 Design / 71 4.6 Wind Analysis: 1997 UBC, CHAPTER 16, DIV. Ill / 72 4.7 Example: Wind Analysis of Four-Story Building / 73 4.8 Seismic Zones 3 and 4/75 4.9 Earthquake Analysis of Four-Story Office Building / 76 4.10 Design for Earthquake / 79 4.11 Significant Changes in 1997 Design / 84 4.12 1997 versus 1994 Design / 86 4.13 Summary of Procedure / 87 4.14 Design Strategies / 89 4.15 Design of Beams: Code Requirements / 89 4.16 Second-Floor Beam / 91 4.17 Beam-to-Column Joint / 92 4.18 Flexural Resistance of Beam-to-Column Joint / 92 4.19 Shear Tab Design / 96 4.20 Shear Tab-to-Beam Welded Connection / 99 4.21 Second-Floor Panel Zone / 99 4.22 Third-Floor Beam / 102 4.23 Third-Floor Shear Tab Connection / 103 4.24 Third-Floor Beam-to-Column Moment Connection / 107 4.25 Third-Floor Panel Zone / 108 4.26 Design of Columns / 109 4.27Column Final Design Data / 115 4.28First-Story Column Design for Compression: Major Axis / 116 4.29Column Design Flowchart / 120 4.30Design of Third-Story Column for Compression / 120 4.31Design of Third-Story Column Splice / 120 4.32Reexamination of Pre- and Post-Northridge Research and Literature / 124 References / 126 5 SEISMIC STEEL DESIGN: BRACED FRAMES 5.1 Introduction / 128 5.2 Project Description: Four-Story Library Annex / 129 5.3 Wind Analysis / 129 5.4 Earthquake Analysis / 130 5.5 Wind and Earthquake Loads / 135 5.6 Response of Braced Frames to Cyclic Lateral Loads / 135 5.7 1997 UBC Provisions / 138 5.8 Rules Applicable to Bracing Members / 139 5.9 Column Strength Requirements / 141 5.10 Design for Earthquake / 141 5.11 Strategies for Brace Member Design / 142 5.12 Brace Members 2 and 3 / 144 5.13 Brace Members 3 and 2: First Story / 144 5.14 Design of Fillet Weld Connection / 148 5.15 Design of Gusset Plate: First and Second Stories / 149 5.16 Brace Member 13: Third Story / 152 5.17 Fillet Weld Design: Third and Fourth-Story Gusset Plates / 154 5.18 Gusset Plate Design: Third and Fourth Stories / 155 5.19 Vertical Component / 156 5.20 Column Design / 157 5.21 Column Splice Design: Third Floor / 166 5.22 Beam Design / 167 5.23 Column Base-Plate Design / 174 5.24 Summary of Design Procedures / 180 VIII CONTENTS 5.25SEAOC Blue Book and the Code / 180 References / 182 6IBC SEISMIC DESIGN OF SMRF STRUCTURES 6.1 IBC Setup of Seismic Design Forces / 184 6.2 Design Example / 184 6.3 IBC Building Categories / 187 7MASONRY STRUCTURES 7.1 Introduction / 191 Case 1: Retaining Wall System / 193 Case 2: Seismic versus Wind / 206 Case 3: Design of CMU Wall and Precast Concrete 7.5 Case 4: Retail Store, Masonry and Steel / 217 References / 226 8 WOOD-FRAMED BUILDINGS 8.1 Introduction / 227 8.2 Northridge Lesson / 228 8.3 Case 1: Steel-Reinforced Wood-Framed Building / 237 8.4 Case 2: Wood-Framed Two-Story Home / 247 8.5 Case 3: Steel-Reinforced Two-Story Duplex / 252 8.6 Case 4: Wood-Framed Commercial Building / 256 8.7 Case 5: Wood-Framed Residential Building / 264 8.8 Case 6: Wood-Framed Garage and Workshop / 273 8.9 Light-Gauge Steel as Alternative to Wood Framing / 277 8.10Case 7: Light-Gauge Steel in Multistory Project / 278 Appendix / 283 References / 289 9MATRICES IN ENGINEERING 9.1 Use of Matrices in Engineering / 290 9.2 Matrix Addition and Multiplication / 292 9.3 Matrix Forms / 294 9.4 Transposition / 295 9.5 Minor and Cofactor Matrices / 295 9 6 Determinant of a Matrix / 296 9.7 Inverse of a Matrix / 297 9 g Linear Systems of Equations / 298 9.9 Elementary Row Operations / 301 9.10 Summary of Matrix Operations / 302 10 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 10.1 Basic Concepts / 303 10.2 First-Order Differential Equations / 304 10.3 Separation of Variables / 304 10.4 Exact Equations / 305 10.5 Integrating Factor / 307 10.6 Second-Order Linear Equations / 309 10.7 Homogeneous Differential Equations / 313 10.8 Characteristic Equation / 313 11NUMERICAL METHODS AND ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 314 11.1 Introduction to Dynamic Analysis / 314 11.2 Equation of Motion / 315 11.3 Damping: Damped Free Vibration / 321 11.4 Free Vibrations: Two-Degree Systems / 323 11.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors / 323 11.6 Modeling Actual Structures / 327 11.7 Three-Degree Systems / 329 11.8 Existence and Uniqueness Theory: Wronskian / 334 11.9 Driving Function (Ft): Seismic Ground Motion as F, I 334 12 METHODS AND TOOLS TO UNRAVEL SECRETS OF EARTHQUAKES 12.1 Elements of an Earthquake / 336 12.2 Vertical-Acceleration Component / 339 12.3 New Method of Dynamic Analysis / 339 12.4 Background of Research / 340 12.5 Analysis of Actual Structure / 342 12.6 Results and Findings / 344 12.7 Nature and Causes of Joint Failure / 344 References / 348 X CONTENTS 13RECENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN SEISMIC DESIGN 349 13.1 Tests on Joints / 349 13.2 Dogbone Experiment / 350 13.3 Joint Strain Hardening: Speed Straining / 350 13.4 Mechanism of Joint Degradation / 350 13.5 Conclusions / 351 13.6 New Trends / 352 13.7 Seismic Isolation / 353 13.8 Engineered Damping / 357 References / 358 ACRONYMS 359 GLOSSARY 361 References / 370 APPENDIX: COMPUTER ANALYSIS 371 A. SMRF Project Part I / 372 B. SMRF Project Part II / 388 C. Braced-Frame Project / 399 INDEX 423