TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
UNDERTAKING iii
CERTIFICATE v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
ABBREVIATIONS ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF TABLES xvii
APPENDIX xix
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Need for Climate Resilient Infrastructure 3
1.2 Need for Climate Resilient Highways 4
1.3 Green Highway 5
1.3.1 Overview of Emissions in India's Transport Sector 5
1.3.2 The Role of National Highways 5
1.3.3 The Importance of Lifecycle Analysis 6
1.3.4 Establishing a Baseline and Planning Interventions 6
1.3.5 Looking Forward 6
1.3.6 Conclusion 6
CHAPTER-2: Literature Review 7
2.1 Green Highway Concept 9
2.1.1 Evolution and Global adoption 9
2.1.2 Core Principles of Green Highway 9
2.1.3 Challenges / Barriers towards implementation of Green Highways 10
2.2 Impact of climate change on Highways 11
2.2.1 Climate Vulnerability Assessment 16
2.3 Guidelines for climate proofing investment in the transport sector 18
2.3.1 Vulnerability Parameters for study of Stretch 19
2.4 Existing Green Highway Practices 20
2.4.1 Sustainable Material and Construction Techniques 20
2.5 Strategies for use of recycled materials 23
2.6 Green Highway Rating System 24
2.6.1 Life Cycle Assessment 25
2.7 Case Study 1: The Mehsana – Himmatnagar State Highway 26
2.8 Case Study 2: Chennai to Cuddalore - State Highway 49 26
2.9 Research Objective 27
CHAPTER-3: Research Methodology 31
CHAPTER-4: Data collection 37
4.1 Data Collection for identification Vulnerable NH Networks 39
4.1.1 Flood Hazard Map 39
4.1.2 Earthquake Hazard Map 40
4.1.3 Wind / Cyclone Hazard Map 40
4.1.4 National Highway Network Map 41
4.2 Rainfall Data of Districts of Gujarat (Dahod, Surat, Rajkot, Ahmedabad, Kachchh)
42
4.2.1 Kachchh Rainfall Data 42
4.2.2 Dahod Rainfall Data 43
4.2.3 Ahmedabad Rainfall Data 44
4.2.4 Surat Rainfall Data 45
4.2.5 Rajkot Rainfall Data 45
4.3 Green Construction Technologies / Recycled Material to reduce GHG Emission 46
4.3.1 Warm Mix Asphalt 47
4.3.2 Cold Mix Asphalt 48
4.3.3 Reclaimed Asphalt Material 49
4.3.4 Geo – Synthetics 49
4.3.5 Plastic Waste 50
4.3.6 Rubber Waste 51
4.4 Site Data 51
CHAPTER-5: Data analysis 53
5.1 Identification of Vulnerable NH Network 53
5.1.1 Earthquake Hazard Zone Overlay 53
5.1.2 Flood Hazard Zone Overlay 54
5.1.3 Wind / Cyclone Hazard Zone overlay 56
5.1.4 List of Vulnerable NH Network – Gujarat 57
5.2 Vulnerability Assessment Study of Various Parts of Gujarat 57
5.2.1 Metrological Data for study 58
5.2.2 Annual Total Rainfall 58
5.2.3 Average Monthly Rainfall Distribution 59
5.2.4 Summer Season Rainfall (March, April & May) 61
5.2.5 Monsoon Season Rainfall (June, July, August & September) 62
5.2.6 Winter Season Rainfall 63
5.3 Strategies for reducing Carbon footprint from highways 64
5.3.1 Methodolgy 64
5.3.2 Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement 66
5.3.3 Street Light 70
5.3.4 Geo – Synthetic 71
5.3.5 Conventional method vs using Geo synthesis 74
5.3.6 Warm Mix Asphalt 75
5.3.7 GHG emission from equipment 76
5.4 On site Green Practices 78
CHAPTER-6: Interventions 81
6.1 Intervention for various regions 81
6.1.1 Region: Desert, plains, coastal areas 81
6.1.2 Region: Coastal, hills, and plains 82
CHAPTER-7: Conclusion 85
REFERENCES 87
APPENDIX 93