Table of Contents
Abstract i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abbreviations v
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Approach 2
1.3 Research Statement 2
1.4 Objectives 3
2. Literature Review 4
2.1. Introduction 4
2.2 Evolution of Studies from Energy to Carbon 4
2.3 Data Collection in Indian Context 5
2.4 Methodologies adopted in previous research 6
3. Research Methodology 7
3.1 Goal of the study 8
3.1.1 Intended Application 8
3.1.2 Reason for carrying out the study 8
3.2 Scope 8
3.2.1 System Boundary 8
3.2.2 Impact Indicator 9
3.2.3 Functional Unit 9
3.2.4 Assumptions 10
4 Results 10
4.1.1 Base Case Building 10
4.1.2 Carbon emission factor 11
4.1.3 LCIA Methodology 13
4.2. Results of Base Case 17
4.2.1 Upfront Embodied Stage Impacts (A1-A3 – Manufacturing phase) 18
4.2.2. Pareto Analysis 18
4.2.3 Upfront Embodied carbon emissions (A4 – Transport phase 19
4.2.4. Upfront Embodied Stage Impacts (A5 – Construction phase) 20
4.2.5 Operational Stage Impacts (B6 – Operational Carbon) 20
4.2.6 Findings from the base case 21
4.3. Passive Design Case 21
4.3.1. General Data 21
4.3.2 Upfront Embodied Carbon Results (A1-A3) 22
4.3.3 Upfront Embodied Stage Impacts (A4 – Transport phase) 22
4.3.4. Upfront Embodied Stage Impacts (A5 – Construction phase) 23
4.3.5 Operational Carbon Results (B6) 23
5.1.3 Integrating renewable system with the design case 23
5.2. Discussion for making the building Net Zero Carbon 27
6. Conclusions 30
7. References 31
8. Annexure 33
8.1. Calculations of material quantities 33
8.2. Floor plans of the building 34
8.3. Calculation of embodied carbon (A1-A3) 34
8.4. Calculation of transportion carbon (A4) 34