Contents
List of illustrations ix
Foreword xii
Preface and Acknowledgements xv
Abbreviations xvii
1. Introduction: Context and politics of heritage management 1
Context 1
History and heritage 3
Purpose and structure of the book 6
Purpose 6
Book structure 8
Tracking change 10
Politics of heritage 10
Internationalism and broadening of heritage 14
Cultural landscapes 15
Globalising heritage 20
Heritage and heritage studies 24
Terminology 26
Part I. Ideology of heritage 33
2. Heritage and economic development 35
Heritage, culture and economic development 35
Context 35
Ideas of development: A historic perspective 36
Tangible and intangible culture as a resource 39
The economics of cultural heritage places 41
Useful knowledge or intellectual anathema 41
Economic and symbolic value around cultural heritage 43
Financing heritage conservation 47
Ethics and heritage 49
Managing cultural heritage places and the quest for sustainability 50
3. Values and significance 57
Context: Role of management 57
Heritagisation. Questions of tangibility, intangibility and associative values: Whose values? 68
Culture 68
Intangible heritage and questions of authenticity 71
Authenticity 75
Values and meanings 79
Values 79
Values typologies 80
Essential and instrumental values: Multiple discourses 85
Living history/living heritage approach 91
Cultural mapping 93
4. Charters, guiding principles, agencies 104
Context 104
Post-1945 internationalism and globalised cultural heritage initiatives 107
Change over time 110
ICOMOS charters and documents 117
Venice Charter 117
Burra Charter 118
Principles for the conservation of heritage sites in China 123
The Nara Document on authenticity 128
Xi'an Declaration on the conservation of the setting of heritage structures, sites and areas 134
Charter for the conservation of historic towns and urban areas (Washington Charter 1987) 138
Charter on the built vernacular heritage 138
The Hoi A declaration on conservation of historic districts of Asia 139
Seoul Declaration on heritage and metropolis in Asia and the Pacific (ICOMOS 2007) 142
UNESCO conventions and documents 143
The convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage (UNESCO 1972) 143
Operational guidelines for the implementation of the world heritage convention 144
Convention for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage (UNESCO 2003) 145
Historic urban landscape (HUL) 147
UNESCO Vienna Memorandum (2005) and recommendation on HUL (2011) 147
Part II Management Planning: Implementation and Techniques 159
5. Documentation, assessment and analysis 161
Context: Documenting heritage places 161
Documentation 163
Project brief 164
Key interest groups (stakeholders) 165
Documenting history of a place 166
Assessing values and cultural significance 174
Establishing values to define significance 174
Determining significance and statement of significance 181
International level: UNESCO world heritage criteria for cultural sites 181
II.E Authenticity and/or integrity 182
National level (two examples: Australia and Canada) 184
Criteria for national historic significance (1998) 185
General guidelines 185
Places 186
Persons 186
Events 186
Place 186
State level: The Victorian heritage register criteria and threshold guidelines, heritage council of Victoria, Australia 188
Degree of significance 190
Assessment, analysis, evaluation 194
Historic landscape assessment: Wingecarribee Shire, New South Wales, Australia 196
Context 196
Study method 197
Documentation, assessment, analysis 199
6. Management of heritage places 204
Context 204
Managing heritage places 209
The HUL management approach 209
Civic engagement tools 210
Knowledge and planning tools 215
Regulatory systems 216
Financial tools 217
Conservation as a strategy for making heritage 220
Development discourses around heritage 222
Sustainable heritage tourism 222
Creativity and innovation in heritage strategies 223
Other sustainable development strategies (of the planning of the good City) 225
Safeguard discourses around heritage 226
Heritage and climate resiliency 226
Smart technologies for heritage sites 228
Disaster and conflicts risk mitigation and recovery 228
Implementation 229
Urban conservation examples 230
Urban and rural conservation in China 230
Suzhou 231
Sichuan rural Villages 234
Conclusions 236
7. Postscript 243
Index 250