List of Tables, Figures and Boxes vii About the Editors viii About the Contributors ix Acknowledgements xiii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiv 1International Trends and Country Contexts - From. Tenure Regularization to Tenure Security 1 Alain Durand-Lasserve and Lauren Rojston Background 1 Irregular settlements and security of tenure 3 From tenure regularization to security of tenure: The ongoing debate on strategies regarding tenure issues for the urban poor 9 A framework for positioning Indian, Brazilian and South African tenure security policies in the international debate 19 Key themes for a comparative reading of the country chapters in the context of global issues 26 PART 1 INDIA 2Security of Tenure in Indian Cities 37 Banashree Banerjee An overview of policy and practice 37 Governance of urban land in India 38 Security of tenure in national policy 39 Determinants of policy reorientation 41 Instruments for policy implementation 43 Irregular settlements in Indian cities 45 Examples of strategies, tools and techniques for providing security of tenure to squatter settlements 46 Conclusion 53 3Policies for Tenure Security in Delhi 59 Neelima Risbud The city development context 59 Urban land policy 60 Settlement typologies and land tenure 60 Government policies 64 Conclusion 71 4Security df Tenure: Mumbai's Experience 75 Minar Pimple and Lysa John Types of tenure arrangements in the city of Mumbai 76 Assessment of the tenure status of the urban poor 77 Interventions for security of tenure 79 Case studies of intervention around issues of tenure 80 5Security of Tenure of Irregular Settlements in Visakhapatnam86 Banashree Banerjee Informal settlements in a rapidly growing city 86 Slum improvement and tenure regularization: Two decades of experience 88 Security of tenure in slums: The different paths 91 Unauthorized layouts and their regularization 95 PART 2 BRAZIL 6Providing Security of Land Tenure for the Urban Poor: The Brazilian Experience 101 Edesio Fernandes Introduction 101 Access to urban land and housing 104 Legal provisions and the state's responses 107 Interests at stake, social practices and legal pluralism 113 Urban policy in the 1988 federal constitution 118 Conclusion 123 7Security of Tenure in Sao Paulo 127 Ellade Imparato The mucapiao right and 'adverse possession' 128 Some urban usucapiao cases in the City of Sao Paulo 131 Conclusions 134 8The Right to Housing and the Prevention of Forced Evictions in Brazil 138 Nelson Saule Junior The right to housing and the role of the state 138 Housing policy: Obligations and responsibilities of the state 140 Types of urban conflicts 141 Actions taken by housing movements 144 Measures to combat forced evictions 145 Regulatory measures concerning property use and ownership 146 The creation of special social interest zones 147 The way forward 148 9Favela Bairro: A Brief Institutional Analysis of the Programme and its Land Aspects 151 Sonia Rabello de Castro The Favela Bairro programme 154 Land tenure issues of the Favela Bairro programme and its regularization 157 Conclusions 160 PART 3 SOUTH AFRICA 10 Security of Urban Tenure in South Africa: Overview of Policy and Practice 165 Lauren Royston South Africa's long history of tenure insecurity 165 Main forms of informal settlement 169 Legal and policy framework affecting urban tenure since 1994 171 Impact on urban tenure: The legal and policy framework in practice 176 Major challenges in urban tenure reform 179 11 Evaluating Tenure Intervention in Informal Settlements in South Africa 182 Marie Huchermeyer The functioning of informal setdements prior to capital subsidy intervention 183 Subsequent to capital subsidy intervention: Evaluations of the intervention record 187 Conclusion 191 12 Why the Urban Poor Cannot Secure Tenure: South African Tenure Policy under Pressure 195 Catherine Cross How urban tenure security works: The delivery link 197 From the top: Urban tenure from the national level 199 The cities: Local planning and tenure security 200 Conclusions 206 13 Privatizing Displaced Urbanization in Greater Nelspruit 209 Cecils Ambert Service delivery and payment for services 211 Ownership as a motivator for housing consolidation 212 Ownership as a catalyst for local economic development 212 Tenure reform from an urbanization perspective 213 Spatial impact 213 Feasibility 214 The choice of ownership as the preferred tenure option 215 Alternatives to ownership 216 14 A Land Management Approach for Informal Settlement in South Africa 218 Colin Davies and Clarissa Fourie The role of local authorities in land management 219 Expanding the definition of informal settlements 219 Understanding informal tenure using a social change approach 220 A new land management approach for informal settlements 223 Conclusion 228 PART 4 CONCLUSIONS 15 Evaluating the Experience of Brazilian, South African and Indian Urban Tenure Programmes 233 Donald A Krtteckeberg and Kurt G Paulsen Urban households and tenure security 233 Settlement upgrading through tenure security 234 Tenure rules 237 Local institutions are a key variable in the success of upgrading programmes 238 Gender is a central element of the tenure process, as urban tenure security programmes often exclude women 240 Corruption and violence are a key concern 241 Conclusion 242 16 The Experience of Tenure Security in Brazil, South Africa and India: What Prospects for the Future? 245 Alain Durand-Lasserve and Lauren Royston Current trends regarding security of tenure 245 Main challenges regarding security of tenure 251 Where to from here? Some strategic guidelines for implementing security of tenure policies 253 Index 257