Table of contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Executive Summary ix
Table of contents xxvii
List of Figures xxxv
List of tables xli
List of Abbreviations xlv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.1.1 What is Spatial Structure (SS)? 1
1.1.2 What is Urban Spatial Structure (USS)? 1
1.1.3 Why study the evolution of a city's Spatial Structure (SS)? 3
1.1.4 The Theoretical Framework 4
1.1.5 Basic Concepts 6
1.2 The Urbanization Scenario 9
1.2.1 International Context 9
1.2.2 Indian Context 10
1.2.3 Indian Cities Growth and the Types of Issues 11
1.2.4 Regulatory Structures 12
1.2.5 Evidence that "Horizontal Growth" is a trend 14
1.3 Need for Study in the Indian Context 16
1.3.1 Trends and Patterns from the Last Three Decades in India 16
1.3.2 Dynamics of Urban Growth in India 18
1.3.3 Future Urban Growth Scenarios 18
2 Research Framework 20
2.1 Research Questions 20
2.2 Research Gaps 21
2.3 Aim 22
2.4 Objectives 23
2.5 Scope 23
2.6 Limitations 23
2.7 Study Utility 24
2.8 Expected Outcomes 24
2.9 Research Methodology 24
3 Literature Review 28
3.1 Synopsis 28
3.2 The Layout of a City 28
3.2.1 City Operations 28
3.2.2 The Effect of urban spatial structures 29
3.2.3 Fundamental Contextual Variables 29
3.2.4 Cityscape's Land Market 29
3.3 Recognizing unproductive growth patterns 29
3.3.1 The Claims 30
3.3.2 Urban Population Densities and Mobility Patterns 30
3.3.3 Real Estate Market and the General Public 30
3.3.4 Development of Land Resources and Changes in Use 30
3.3.5 The Physical and Intangible Assets 30
3.3.6 Technological Developments 31
3.3.7 Widespread Transit Systems 31
3.3.8 Happenings in Suburbia that Are Auto-Oriented 31
3.3.9 Urban Decay and Quality of Life 31
3.3.10 The Claim's Resolution 31
3.4 Preventing Sprawl: A Prescription 32
3.5 The Literature Review's Doctrines 32
3.5.1 Sprawl’s Detrimental Consequences 32
3.5.2 Valuations and Privileges 32
4 Selection and Profile of Cities 33
4.1 Criteria for Selection 33
4.2 Criteria for Consideration 34
4.3 Profile of Cities 36
4.3.1 Planning Area - 1: Ahmedabad 36
4.3.2 Planning Area - 2: Jaipur 43
4.3.3 Planning Area - 3: Bhubaneswar 51
4.3.4 Planning Area - 4: Chennai 57
4.3.5 Planning Area - 5: Bangalore 62
4.3.6 Planning Area - 6: Mumbai 67
5 Research Design 74
5.1 Bases for Simplifying Urban Spatial Structure Models 74
5.2 Density Gradients (Dx) 75
5.3 Dispersion index (ρ) 77
5.4 Rusk Sprawl Index (RSI 78
5.5 Concentration - Deconcentration Measure (H and Hrel) 79
6 Data Collection 81
6.1 Data 81
6.1.1 Time Series Population Data 81
6.1.2 GIS Data 81
6.1.3 Landuse Landcover Classification (LULC) 81
6.2 Data Checklist 82
6.2.1 Planning Area 1: Ahmedabad 82
6.2.2 Planning Area 2: Jaipur 85
6.2.3 Planning Area 3: Bhubaneswar 88
6.2.4 Planning Area 4: Chennai 91
6.2.5 Planning Area 5: Bangalore 94
6.2.6 Planning Area 6: Mumbai 97
7 Data Pre - Processing 101
8 Urban Spatial Structure Analysis of Indian Cities 108
8.1 Ahmedabad Urban Spatial Structure Analysis 108
8.1.1 Ahmedabad Density Gradients (Dx) 112
8.1.2 Ahmedabad Dispersion Index (ρ) 118
8.1.3 Ahmedabad Rusk Sprawl Index (RSI) 124
8.1.4 Ahmedabad Concentration - Deconcentration Measure (H and Hrel) 128
8.2 Jaipur Urban Spatial Structure Analysis 129
8.2.1 Jaipur Density Gradients (Dx) 132
8.2.2 Jaipur Dispersion Index (ρ) 136
8.2.3 Jaipur Rusk Sprawl Index (RSI) 138
8.2.4 Jaipur Concentration - Deconcentration Measure (H and Hrel) 142
8.3 Bhubaneswar Urban Spatial Structure Analysis 143
8.3.1 Bhubaneswar Density Gradients (Dx) 146
8.3.2 Bhubaneswar Dispersion Index (ρ) 150
8.3.3 Bhubaneswar Rusk Sprawl Index (RSI) 153
8.3.4 Bhubaneswar Concentration - Deconcentration Measure (H and Hrel) 157
8.4 Chennai Urban Spatial Structure Analysis 158
8.4.1 Chennai Density Gradients (Dx) 161
8.4.2 Chennai Dispersion Index (ρ) 165
8.4.3 Chennai Rusk Sprawl Index (RSI 168
8.4.4 Chennai Concentration - Deconcentration Measure (H and Hrel) 172
8.5 Bangalore Urban Spatial Structure Analysis 173
8.5.1 Bangalore Density Gradients (Dx) 176
8.5.2 Bangalore Dispersion Index (ρ) 180
8.5.3 Bangalore Rusk Sprawl Index (RSI) 183
8.5.4 Bangalore Concentration - Deconcentration Measure (H and Hrel) 187
8.6 Mumbai Urban Spatial Structure Analysis 188
8.6.1 Mumbai Density Gradients (Dx) 191
8.6.2 Mumbai Dispersion Index (ρ) 195
8.6.3 Mumbai Rusk Sprawl Index (RSI) 198
8.6.4 Mumbai Concentration - Deconcentration Measure (H and Hrel) 202
9 Comparative Framework of Analysis in Indian Cities 203
9.1 Population Density Gradients in Indian Cities 204
9.2 Average Density and Land Consumption in Indian Cities 210
9.3 Average Land Consumption Per Capita in Indian Cities 210
9.4 Density Profile of Indian Cities 211
9.5 Population By Distance to Center of Gravity or the CBD 217
9.6 Average Distance per Capita to the CBD 218
9.7 Relationship Between Average Distance per Person to the CBD and Built- Up Area 219
9.8 Dispersion Index of Indian Cities 220
9.9 Spatial Structure of Six Indian Cities 221
9.10 Measuring Sprawl in Indian Cities Using Scatter Technique 223
10 Recommendations and Conclusion 225
10.1 Recommendations 225
10.1.1 Urban Sprawl 225
10.2 The Density Gradients, Compactness and Sprawl 227
10.3 Enhancing Urban Spatial Dynamics: Strategies for Policy Measures and
Effective Management Techniques 228
10.3.1 Curbing Urban Sprawl: Managing Demand and Promoting Infill Development 229
10.3.2 Reducing Land Waste: Discouraging Idle and Fragmented Land Use 229
10.3.3 Simplifying Revitalization Processes: Enabling Easy and Facilitated Redevelopment 230
10.3.4 Levying Taxes on Unproductive Land: Property Taxation Measures for Vacant and Underutilized Parcels 231
10.3.5 Maximizing Land Value: Harnessing the Benefits of Transferable Development Rights (TDR) 232
10.3.6 Facilitating Phased Development: Encouraging Step-by-Step Execution 233
10.3.7 Harmonizing Development Efforts: Leveraging Macro and
Micro-Level Plans as Coherent Guidelines 234
10.3.8 Relaxation in Development Control Regulations (DCR);
Buildings and Planning Standards 234
10.3.9 Choosing City Life: Promoting Awareness and Offering
Incentives for Inner-City Residency 235
10.3.10 Decentralized Planning: Nurturing Development at Local Levels 236
10.3.11 Location-Driven Rent Reforms: Navigating Rental Challenges with a Place-Based Approach 237
10.3.12 Urban Development Blueprint: Optimizing City Structures, Land Use, and Transportation Planning 238
10.3.13 Striking the Right Balance: Regulatory Measures for Efficient Urban Density 239
10.3.14 Ensuring Urban Order: Monitoring Spatial Structures and Regulatory Environment 240
10.3.15 Land Banking: Implementing Tools for Promoting, Preserving
and Protecting Landuse and Development 241
10.4 Conclusion 244
References 246
Appendix 1: Literature Review xxi
Appendix 2: Census Database xxv