Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Purpose statement 2
1.3 Research question/s 2
1.4 Research objectives 2
2 Literature Review 3
2.1 Overview of Life Cycle Energy 3
2.2 Embodied versus Operational Energy 4
2.3 Selection of Walling Systems 6
2.4 Assessment Method 6
3 Research Methodology 8
3.1 Goal and Scope Definition 8
3.2 Inventory Analysis 9
3.3 Impact Analysis 9
3.4 Interpretation 9
4 Life Cycle Analysis 10
4.1 Inventory Analysis 10
4.1.1 Uncertainty Analysis 12
4.2 Impact Assessment 14
4.2.1 Embodied Energy during Manufacturing Stage (A1-A3) 14
4.2.2 Embodied Energy during Transportation Stage (A4) 15
4.2.3 Embodied Energy during Installation at Site (A5) 17
4.3 Interpretation 17
4.3.1 Embodied Energy versus Operational Energy during the entire life cycle 17
4.3.2 Results 19
5 Discussion and Conclusion 21
6 References 22
7 Annexures 26
7.1 Composition of Walling Systems 26
7.2 Calculation of Embodied Energy per m² of the walling system 27
7.3 Calculations - Embodied Energy Walling material for Stage 3 (Installation) 30