Contents
Undertaking ii
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vi
Table of contents viii
List of figures xiii
List of tables xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 GHG Emissions and Climate Change 1
1.2 GHG emissions from the waste sector 1
1.3 Aim 3
1.4 Objectives 3
1.5 Methodology 3
1.6 Scope and Limitation 5
2 GHG Emissions from Waste Sector 7
2.1 Review Global and National Initiatives 7
2.1.1 Global Initiatives 7
2.1.2 Initiatives by India 9
2.2 Review of Tools and Frameworks to Measure GHG Emissions 10
2.3 Review of Good Practices 12
2.3.1 Source Segregation 12
2.3.2 Organic waste management 13
2.3.3 Waste Processing at Material Recover Facilities 13
2.3.4 Plastic Waste Management 14
2.3.5 Construction and Demolition Waste Management 14
2.3.6 Sanitary Waste Management 15
2.3.7 Landfill Management 15
3 GHG Emissions Measurement Framework 19
3.1 Formulation of Framework 19
3.1.1 Waste Generation 20
3.1.2 Collection and Transportation 20
3.1.3 Waste Processing 20
3.1.4 Waste Disposal 21
4 Overview of Surat City 23
4.1 About the City 23
4.2 Overview of SWM Scenario in Surat City 24
4.2.1 Underground Smart Bins 24
4.2.2 Centralized Plastic Waste Processing Plant 25
4.2.3 Organic Waste Management 25
4.2.4 Waste to Energy 26
4.2.5 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Plant 26
4.2.6 Initiatives by the Surat Municipal Corporation 26
5 Quantification of GHG Emissions for Surat City 29
5.1 Estimation of GHG Emissions from Waste Collection & Transportation 29
5.2 Estimation of GHG Emissions from Waste Processing 32
5.2.1 Composting 32
5.2.2 Recycling 34
5.3 Estimation of GHG Emissions from Waste Disposal 36
5.4 Estimation of GHG Emissions from SWM Value Chain 39
6 Interventions To Reduce GHG Emissions 41
6.1 Shifting to e-vehicle at Zonal Level 42
6.2 Capturing Landfill Gas and Leachate Collection 44

6.3 Ensuring 100% Segregation, Efficient Collection of Sanitary Waste 47
7 Monitoring Framework 49
8 Discussions 52
References xiii
Appendix 1: Field Visit Documentation xx
Appendix 2: GHG Emissions Toolkit 18