Contents
Undertaking v
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xi
List of tables xiii
List of Abbreviations xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction to Climate Change 1
1.2 Climate Change in India 4
1.3 Impact of Climate Change on Sanitation and Toilets 5
1.4 Aim 6
1.5 Objective 6
1.6 Scope and Limitations 6
1.7 Methodology 7
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Risk Assessment Frameworks 9
2.1.1 WASH Climate Resilient Development (GWP and UNICEF, 2014). 9
2.1.2 Climate-Resilient Development: A Framework for Understanding and Addressing Climate Change (USAID, 2015). 10
2.1.3 Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives (United Nations, 2004). 12
2.2 Literature for vulnerability indicator 13
2.3 Best Practices for Climate Resilient Toilet Design 25
3 Risk Assessment Framework for Toilets 28
3.1 Vulnerability Assessment Framework 30
4 Overview of Bhuj 32
4.1 Sanitation in the city 33
5 Risk Analysis for Toilets in Bhuj 35
5.1 Hazard Assessment 35
5.2 Exposure Assessment 38
5.3 Vulnerability Assessment 38
5.3.1 Identification of Vulnerable spots 38
5.3.2 Assessment of Toilet: based on Framework 46
5.3.3 Vulnerability of different indicators based on different hazards.64 5.3.4 Risk Identification and Rating 66
6 Recommendations 69
6.1 Location of new PT 69
6.2 Structural Recommendation 70
6.3 Non-structural Recommendations 72
7 Discussion and Way Forward 73
References xiv
Appendix 1: Details of Vulnerability Assessment Framework xvii
Appendix 2: Stakeholder Meetings xxv
Appendix 3: Maps for Site Selection of New Toilets xxvii