Contents
Undertaking i
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents xii
List of figures xvi
List of tables x
List of Graphs Error! Bookmark not defined.
1 Introduction 13
1.1 Context 13
1.2 Need for the Research 14
1.3 Aim 15
1.4 Objectives 15
1.5 Scope & Limitations 15
1.6 Selection of the Cities 15
1.7 Methodology 16
2 Context, Methodology and Literature Review 18
2.1 Urbanization in India 18
2.1 Municipal Governance 18
2.2 Municipal Services 18
2.2.1 Municipal Performance 19
2.2.2 Ease of Living 20
2.2.3 Smart City Measurement Framework 21
2.2.4 Context and Literature Review 22
2.2.5 Literature Study 22
3 Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation 23
3.1 Introduction to Ahmedabad’s Infrastructure 26
3.1.1 Essencial Services of the Municipal Corporation 27
3.2 Functions carried out by AMC 29
3.2.2 Obligatory Functions of the Municipal corporation 29
3.3 Studying and analysing municipal budget for case city in context of infrastructure financing 31
3.3.1 Capital Income vs. Capital Expenditure 33
3.3.2 Revenue Income vs. Revenue Expenditure 34
3.3.3 Revenue Income and Capital Income 35
3.3.4 Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure 36
3.4 Understanding the process of how The Budgeting is done 37
3.4.1 Capital Income 38
3.4.2 Revenue Income 39
3.4.3 Revenue Income without accounting the Finance department ...42 3.4.4 Capital Expenditure 43
3.4.5 Revenue Expenditure 45
3.5 Infrastructure Overall Trends 46
3.6 Understanding Current Ways of Decision making and Making Relevant Functional Changes in Decision making 51
3.6.1 Administrative and Elected wings in the Corporation 51
3.6.2 Department of finance 52
3.6.3 Zonal Level Organizational Structure 53
4 Sector Specific Infrastructure Aspects and Analysis 54
4.1 Studying and analyzing budgetary process, current provisions by sector.54
4.1.1 Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation’s System of accounting. 54
4.2 Mission/ Yojana and Infrastructure 55
4.2.1 JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) 56
4.2.2 AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation on and Urban Transformation) 56
4.2.3 Swarnim Jayanti Mukhya Mantri Urban Development Scheme (water Related Projects) 57
4.3 Physical Infrastructure 58
4.3.1 Water supply as an Infrastructure 58
4.3.2 Wastewater and Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure 62
Capital Expenditure by various missions 64
4.3.3 The Sanitation Scenario 65
4.3.4 Storm-Water Sector and Source of Income over the period 68
4.3.5 Solid Waste Infrastructure 69
4.4 Social Infrastructure 71
4.4.1 Healthcare 73
4.4.2 Education 76
4.4.3 Public Amenities Revenue Income Expenditure Scenario 79
4.4.4 Public Gardens 81
5 Reflections and Way Forwards 83
5.1 Sector wise latest Initiatives and Way Ahead 85
5.2 Sector Wise Analysis of Revenue Capital Income and Expenditure 85
5.2.1 Sector Wise Income and Expenditure 86
5.2.2 In percentages of Sectoral Income. Expenditure to Total Social + Physical Income Expenditure 87
5.2.3 In percentages of Sectoral Income. Expenditure to Total Overall Income Expenditure 90
5.2.4 Sectoral Revenue Income and Expenditure Decadal CAGR analysis.92
5.2.5 Per Capita Sectoral Income. Expenditure 94
5.3 Types of Funding Mechanisms and Cost Recovery 96
5.3.1 Increased Independence Through Direct Revenue Generation Through Common Taxes and Various Other Taxes 98
5.3.2 Applying different type of charges in the name of benefit charges, fees, user charges 99
5.3.3 Public private partnership is one of the proven ideas. 99
5.3.4 Some governments of cities used land as a tool to create revenue. 99
5.3.5 Tied or conditional Bonds 100
5.4 Summary of Understanding and Possible Feedbacks (General and Sector- Wise Conclusions) 101
5.4.1 Existing Methods of Decision making and Possible Change in Overall Sectors (Physical) 102
5.4.2 Water Sector methods of Decision making and Possible Feedbacks 103
5.4.3 Wastewater Sector methods of Decision making in Budgeting and Possible Feedbacks 105
5.4.4 Solid waste Existing and Upcoming Changes in operation and Finance 105
5.5 Prioritising Alternative Important Infrastructure 106
References 109
Appendix 1 111