Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents x
List of figures xvi
List of tables xvii
Abbreviations xix
1 Background 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Water Stress 1
1.3 Water Reuse 3
1.4 Water scarcity and effect on India's major cities 4
1.5 Water Scarcity and effect on India’s Major Cities 5
1.6 Tertiary Treatment Plant 5
1.7 Need of Tertiary Treatment Plant 5
1.8 Research Outline 6
1.8.1 Questions for Research 6
1.8.2 Aim of Research 6
1.8.3 Objectives of the Research 6
1.8.4 Scope & Limitation 6
1.8.5 Methodology of the Research 7
Stage 1 - Literature review and Case Study: 8
Stage 2 - Identification of Dimensions and Indicators: 8
Stage 3 - Field Study: 8
Critical Review of Projects Implemented under Indian Smart Cities
2 Literature Review 11
2.1 Wastewater Definition 11
2.2 Wastewater Treatment 11
2.3 Historical Context 11
Direct Discharge of Wastewater 11
Advances in sewage treatment: 12
Water contamination sources 13
2.4 Characteristics of Sewage 13
2.4.1 Sewage Types: 13
2.4.2 Sewage Systems 15
Flow Rates 15
2.4.3 Wastewater Treatment Systems and Disposal 16
2.5 Wastewater reuse: Global trends 17
2.6 Importance of Wastewater Reuse in SDG 18
2.7 Wastewater Reuse Scenario in India 19
Key points: 20
2.8 Concept of Urban Wastewater Management 21
2.9 Wastewater flows – The cycle of wastewater in water cycle flow 22
2.9.1 Wastewater flows 23
2.10 Technical options in treatment levels of wastewater 24
2.10.1 Ultra-Filtration and Reverse Osmosis in Tertiary Treatment 25
2.11 India's Wastewater Management Institutional Structure 28
2.12 India's Wastewater Discharge Standards for STPs 29
2.13 Evolving Discharge and Reuse Standards in the Present Scenario 31
2.14 Regulatory Framework for Technology Considerations 33
2.15 Policy for Treated Wastewater Reuse by Govt. of Gujarat 34
2.16 Water Plus City under Swachh Bharat Mission 35
2.17 Process of Wastewater Sludge Reuse 35
2.18 Case Study 37
2.18.1 NEWater Singapore 37
2.18.2 Bamroli Tertiary Treatment Plant, Surat 38
2.19 Dimensions and Indicators for Critical Evaluation of the TTP 41
3 City Context and Tertiary Treatment Plant at Surat 43
3.1 Introduction and City Profile 43
3.2 Geography and Climate 44
3.3 Surat Municipal Corporation 45
3.4 Growth and Present Population 46
3.5 Surat City Resilience Strategy 47
3.5.1 Resilient Cities 47
3.5.2 Resilience Strategy 48
3.5.3 Resilience Pillars, Goals, and Initiatives 48
3.5.4 Surat Water Balance 48
3.5.5 Wastewater Management in Surat 49
3.5.6 Sewerage Generation 49
3.5.7 Extent of Coverage 49
3.5.8 Sewerage Network 49
3.5.9 Sewerage Treatment Plants in Surat 51
3.5.10 Dindoli Drainage Zone 53
3.5.11 Dindoli Sewage Treatment Plant 58
3.6 Pandesara Industrial Estate 60
3.6.1 Area and administrative status 60
3.6.2 Water demand and supply at Pandesara 60
3.7 Tertiary Sewage Treatment Plant at Dindoli 61
3.8 Objective of the Tertiary Sewage Treatment Plant 61
3.9 Treated Sewage Flow and 62
3.10 Brief Process Description of Units of the TTP 62
3.11 Tertiary Sewage Treatment Process 63
3.11.1 Pre-Treatment Stage 63
3.11.2 Ultrafiltration 63
3.11.3 Reverse Osmosis Units 67
3.12 COMPONENTS OF PROPOSED 40 MLD TTP 68
3.12.1 Civil Components 68
3.12.2 Mechanical Components 68
3.12.3 Electrical Components 69
3.13 Project Financial Structure 71
3.14 Project Management Framework 72
3.15 Project Institutional Framework 73
3.16 Operation and Maintenance Cost 74
4 Site Visit Observations and Surveys 76
4.1 Salient features of the SCADA system 78
4.2 Key findings/Observations 80
4.3 Challenges and Risks 82
4.3.1 Challenges of the Project 82
4.3.2 Risks of the Project 82
5 Analysis and Findings 83
5.1 Analysis on Environmental Aspect 83
5.2 Analysis on Social Aspect 86
5.3 Analysis on Economic Aspect 87
5.4 Technical Dimension 89
5.5 Value Addition to SDGs 90
6 Recommendations 93
6.1 Recycle and Reuse of Sludge 93
6.1.1 Biochar Technology 93
6.2 Proper Planning and Location Finalisation before Implementing Future Wastewater Tertiary Treatment Plant 97
6.3 Toolkit for Evaluation of Tertiary Treatment Plant 99
7 Bibliography 101
Appendix 1: Dindoli TTP Summary 105
Appendix 2: Parameters of tertiary processed sewage 106