Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate i
Acknowledgments iii
Executive Summary v
Abstract xi
Table of contents xiv
List of figures xix
List of tables xxii
Abbreviations xxiii
1 Introduction 4
1.1 Global Perspective on Climate Change 4
1.2 Predicted Impacts of Climate Change 6
1.3 History of Climate Change 7
1.3.1 Global History 7
1.3.2 National History 8
1.4 Linkages between SDG 6 and SDG 13 11
2 Climate Change in India 12
2.1 GHG Emissions in India 12
2.2 Impacts of GHG emissions on India 12
3 Aim, Objectives and Research Methodology 15
3.1 Aim 15
3.2 Objectives 15
3.3 Limitations 15
3.4 Methodology 15
4 Implications of Climate Change on Water and Sanitation Services 17
4.1 Impacts on Water Supply Services 17
4.1.1 Rising Sea Levels 17
4.1.2 Urban Flooding and Cyclone 18
4.1.3 Droughts and Heatwaves 18
4.2 Impacts on Sanitation Services 19
4.2.1 Rising Sea Level, Urban Flooding and Cyclone 19
4.2.2 Droughts and Heatwaves 19
4.3 Larger impacts of Climate Change on Urban Water and Sanitation 20
5 Climate Resilient Actions in Water and Sanitation – Case Studies 22
5.1 International Actions in Water and Sanitation to combat climate change 22
5.2 National Actions in Water and Sanitation to combat climate change 24
5.3 Learnings from National and International Case Studies 25
6 Solapur – Overview and Assessment 27
6.1 About Solapur 27
6.2 Solapur and Climate Change 28
6.3 Assessment Criteria for Solapur in context of Climate Change and Circular Water Cycle 30
6.4 Assessment of Water Supply and Wastewater System in Solapur 31
6.4.1 Source of Water in Solapur 31
6.4.2 Water and Wastewater Treatment in Solapur 34
6.4.3 Water and Sanitation in Slums 37
6.4.4 Wastewater Disposal and Reuse 41
6.4.5 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Water and Wastewater Processes 42
6.4.6 Issues in Water and Wastewater Sector of Solapur from Climate Perspective 43
7 Climate Resilient Strategies for Solapur 44
7.1 Groundwater Recharge 44
7.1.1 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting 44
7.1.2 Recharge through Existing Ponds and Lakes 46
7.1.3 Construction of New Recharge Structures 48
7.2 Measures to Reduce Non-Revenue Water 51
7.3 Energy Efficient Pumps 51
7.4 Wastewater Reuse for Non-Potable Public Purposes 52
7.5 Mini 24x7 Water Supply Systems for Slums 53
7.6 Softer Supportive Aspects for Achieving Climate Resilience 55
7.6.1 Policy Level Changes 55
7.6.2 Stakeholder Participation 55
8 Conclusion 57
References 59
Appendix 1: GHG Emissions Calculations 66
Appendix 2: Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Calculations 68
Appendix 3: Recharge through Existing Ponds and Lakes Calculations 69
Appendix 4: RWH from Runoff and Storage in Ponds Calculations 70
Appendix 5: RWH from Roads through Storm Water Drains Calculations 71