Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xv
List of tables xi
1Introduction 1
1.1 Background Study 1
1.2 Need for the study 2
1.3 Research questions 2
2About the Study 3
2.1 Aim of the research 3
2.2 Objectives of the research 3
2.3 Research design 3
2.4 Research methodology 6
2.5 Scope of the study 7
2.6 Limitations of the study 8
3Literature Study 9
3.1 Urbanization and urban growth 9
3.2 Concept of urban fringes 11
3.3 Issues and challenges in fringe 12
3.4 Reducing disparities in basic services 14
4City Profile: Kolkata 17
4.1 Overview of the city 17
4.2 Connectivity 18
4.3 Administrative Jurisdictions 18
4.3.1 Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) 18
4.3.2 Kolkata Municipal Corporation 19
4.4 Demographic Profile 20
4.5 Population density 21
4.6 Migration trends 22
4.7 Economic Characteristics 23
4.8 Spatial Growth of the city 24
4.9 Conclusion 25
5Site Profile 26
5.1 Study area 26
5.2 Spatial growth of three administrative boundaries 27
5.3 Locating KMC ward-109 28
5.3.1 Water supply in Kolkata 29
5.4 Locating Rajpur-Sonarpur Ward 1-6 30
5.4.1 Water supply in Rajpur-Sonarpur 31
5.5 Locating Kheyadaha II 31
6Site Findings and Analysis 32
6.1 Housing Scenario 32
6.1.1 Type of use of residence 32
6.1.2 Condition of structure 33
6.1.3 Ownership status 35
6.1.4 Housing typologies 37
6.1.5 Congestion factor 39
6.1.6 Conclusion on responses by households/residents 41
6.2 Water Supply 41

Inequalities in Quality of Housing and Basic Infrastructure in Urban Fringes
6.2.1 Source of drinking water 41
6.2.2 Location of drinking water source 42
6.2.3 Alternative drinking water source 42
6.2.4 Conclusion of the response by the households of Kolkata 44
6.2.5 Response by the authorities of KMC 46
6.2.6 Conclusion on responses by the households/ residents of Rajpur- Sonarpur 47
6.2.7 Response by the authorities of Rajpur-Sonarpur Municipality ..48
6.2.8 Conclusion on responses by the households/ residents of Kheyadaha 48
6.2.9 Response by the authorities of Kheyadaha Gram Panchayat 48
6.3 Sanitation 49
6.3.1 Type of latrine facilities 49
6.3.2 Location of latrines 50
6.3.3 Conclusion on responses by the households/ residents of Kolkata 52
6.3.4 Response by the authorities of Kolkata Municipal Corporation.52
6.3.5 Conclusion on responses by the households/ residents of Rajpur- Sonarpur 53
6.3.6 Response by the authorities of Rajpur-Sonarpur Municipality ..53
6.3.7 Conclusion on responses by the households/ residents of Kheyadaha 54
6.3.8 Response by the authorities of Kheyadaha Panchayat 54
6.4 Solid Waste Management 55
6.4.1 Waste collection process 55
6.4.2 Waste collection frequency 55
6.4.3 Conclusion on responses by the households/ residents of Kolkata 56
6.4.4 Response by the authorities of Kolkata Municipal Corporation.56
6.4.5 Conclusion on responses by the households/ residents of Rajpur- Sonarpur 57
6.4.6 Response by the authorities of Rajpur-Sonarpur Municipality ..57
6.4.7 Conclusion on responses by the households/ residents of Kheyadaha 57
6.4.8 Response by the authorities of Kheyadaha Panchayat 57
7Comparative Analysis within the Study Area 58
7.1 Parameters for comparison 58
7.2 Housing scenario within different administrative boundaries 59
7.3 Water supply within different administrative boundaries 60
7.4 Sanitation within different administrative boundaries 61
7.5 Solid waste management within different administrative boundaries 62
7.6 Water Supply Expenses and Income 62
7.7 Sanitation Expenses and Income 63
7.8 Solid waste management Expenses and Income 64
7.9 Property tax applicable in three governing bodies 65
7.10 Conclusion 65
8Recommendations and Conclusion 67
8.1 Proper evaluation of responsibilities of the authorities 67
8.2 Proper formation of regulations to control unplanned developments 67
8.3 Proper formation of financial strategies 68
8.4 Conclusion 68
References xiii
Appendix 1: XYZ xv
Appendix 2: XYZ 18