Contents
Undertaking i
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xiii
List of tables xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.1.1 Smart and Integrated Ticketing 1
1.2 Benefits of Smart and Integrated Ticketing 1
1.3 Need for the study 2
1.4 Aim 3
1.5 Objective 3
1.6 Research Methodology 3
1.7 Scope and Limitations 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Understanding the User Perspective 7
2.2 Various Strategies Adopted by Transit Operators across Different Countries to Attract people 7
2.2.1 London Oyster Cards 7
2.2.2 Chicago Card 8
2.2.3 Singapore Ez-Link Card 8
2.3 Fare Policies 9
2.3.1 Fare Policies associated with pricing of fares 9
2.3.2 Innovative fare policies used by transit agencies 10
2.4 Identifying factors which affect the user perception 10
2.4.1 Key findings 11
2.5 Various Models Used to Analyze the Factors 12
2.5.1 Factor Analysis 12
2.5.2 Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) 12
2.5.3 RIDIT Analysis 12
2.5.4 ANOVA 13
2.6 Conclusion 13
3 CASE STUDY AREA: AHMEDABAD 15
3.1 Janmitra Card 15
4 DATA COLLECTION 19
4.1 Secondary Data Collection 19
4.2 Primary Data Collection 19
4.2.1 User Perception Survey Questionnaire 19
5 OVERVIEW OF THE SURVEY DATA 23
5.1 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Users 23
5.2 Observations on Paper Ticket users 26
5.3 Observations on Smart Card users 27
6 VARIOUS ANALYSIS PERFORMED AND THEIR RESULTS 31
6.1 RIDIT Analysis 31
6.1.1 Paper Ticket Users 31
6.1.2 Smart Card Users 33
6.2 One Way ANOVA Test 33
6.2.1 Variation in perception with respect to Age 34
6.2.2 Variation in perception with respect to Educational Qualification 36
6.2.3 Variation in perception with respect to income level 40

6.2.4 Variation in perception with respect to frequency of travel 43
6.2.5 Overall Inference 46
7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49
7.1 Recommendations 50
References 53
Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire 55