Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xiv
List of tables xvi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Research Problem 2
1.3 Aim 3
1.4 Objective 3
1.5 Method for each Objective 3
1.6 Scope 4
1.7 Limitations 4
1.8 Methodology 4
1.9 Data Collection Plan 6
1.10 Chapter Scheme 7
2 Literature Review 9
2.1 Electric-Bus 9
2.2 Battery Technology 10
2.2.1 Li-Ion Battery 10
2.2.2 Ni-MH Battery 10
2.3 Charging Technologies 11
2.3.1 Conductive Charging 11
2.3.2 Inductive Charging 11
2.3.3 Plug-in AC Slow Charging 11
2.3.4 DC Fast Charging 11
2.4 Charging Strategies 12
2.4.1 Depot Charging 12
2.4.2 On-Route Charging 12
2.5 Global Practices on Electrification 13
2.6 Factors affecting E-bus deployment 14
2.6.1 Capital Cost of Procurement 14
2.6.2 Battery Capacity 15
2.6.3 Operations Constraints 15
2.6.4 Contract Conditions 15
2.7 Performance Evaluation of E-bus operation 16
2.7.1 Performance Indicators 16
3 Case City I – Indore (AiCTSL) 19
3.1 Background 19
3.1.1 Network Characteristics 19
3.1.2 Electric Bus Route Characteristics 20
3.1.3 Bus Characteristics 21
3.2 Phase – I Deployment of E-Buses in Indore 22
3.2.1 Procurement and Model of Operation 22
3.2.2 Selection of Routes 22
3.2.3 Bus and Battery Characteristics 22
3.2.4 Charging Characteristics 23
3.3 Phase II – Deployment of E-buses (Proposed) 23
4 Performance Assessment for AiCTSL – Indore 25
4.1 Key Performance Indicators 25
4.2 Energy Efficiency 26
4.2.1 Bus Type 26
4.2.2 Battery Type, Range and Capacity 27
4.3 Analysis for Energy Efficiency 27
4.4 Operational Efficiency 32
4.4.1 Charging Station 33
4.4.2 Charging Infrastructure 33
4.4.3 Charging Time 33
4.4.4 Repair and Maintenance 34
4.4.5 Deployment on Routes 34
4.5 Operational Analysis for AiCTSL 35
4.5.1 Opportunity Charging 36
4.5.2 Idle time at depot 37
4.5.3 SOC Levels 37
4.5.4 Steering time and Service time 38
4.5.5 Revenue Hours/Operational Hour (%) 39
4.5.6 Workforce reqd. at charging station 39
4.5.7 Staff/Bus Ratio 39
4.5.8 Replacement Factor 39
4.5.9 Impact of Net Cost Contract on Operations 40
4.6 Cost Efficiency 40
4.7 Summary 42
5 Case City II – Ahmedabad Janmarg Ltd 45
5.1 Introduction 45
5.2 Phase 1 Deployment of E-buses in Ahmedabad 46
5.3 Phase – II Deployment of E-Buses 47
5.4 Bus Characteristics of Tata Motors Ultra EV in Ahmedabad 48
5.5 Deployment on routes 48
5.6 Analysis for Energy Efficiency 49
5.6.1 Vehicle Utilization 49
5.6.2 Battery Consumption 50
5.6.3 Battery Efficiency 52
5.7 Analysis for Operational Efficiency 54
5.7.1 Opportunity Charging 56
5.7.2 Idle Time After Charging at Depot 56
5.7.3 SOC Level 57
5.7.4 Steering Time and Service Time 58
5.7.5 Impact of GCC on operations 58
5.8 Cost Efficiency 59
5.9 Summary 60
6 Comparative Assessment between E-bus operation in Ahmedabad and Indore 61
6.1 Technical Specification 61
6.2 Energy Efficiency 63
6.3 Operational Efficiency 64
6.4 Cost Efficiency 65
7 Conclusion 69
7.1 Limitation to the study 70
7.2 Way Forward for Future Deployment 71
References 75
Appendix 1: Data Collection List 79
Appendix 2: Battery Efficiency across Routes for E-bues in Indore 81
Appendix 3: Mileage Comparison across different routes for Tata E-buses 82
Appendix 4: Cost per Seat Km computation 84