Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 10
1.1 Precast Box Culverts 10
1.2. Need of study 10
1.3. Objective 11
1.4. Scope 11
1.5. Research design 11
1.6. Research schedule 12
2. LITERATURE STUDY AND RESEARCH GAP 13
2.1. Literature Study 13
2.2.1. Introduction to precast box culverts 13
2.2.2. Optimization of design 13
2.2. Research gap 14
3. LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 15
3.1. Loads acting on box culvert 15
3.1.1. Dead load 15
3.1.2. Impact load (4) 16
3.1.3 Temperature load (5) 16
3.1.4. Live load 17
3.2. Combination of loads for limit state design 17
3.2.1. Ultimate Limit state (7) 17
3.2.2. Serviceability Limit state (7) 17
4. DESIGN AND DETAILING OF BOX CULVERTS 19
4.1. Design of box culverts 19
4.1.1. Load calculations 19
4.1.2. Design for Ultimate limit State 19
4.1.3. Shear Design 19
4.1.4. Design for Serviceability Limit State 20
4.2. Detailing of box culverts 20
4.2.1. Spacing of bars 20
4.2.2. Design lap length 20
5. QUANTITY CALCULATION 21
5.1. Quantity of concrete 21
5.2. Quantity of steel 21
5.2.1. Bars without bent 21
5.2.2. Bars with bent 21
6. RESULTS AND COMPARISON 22
6.1. Total designs 22
6.2. Results 23
6.2.1. Total Quantity of steel and concrete 23
6.2.2. Cost analysis 24
6.3. Comparisons 25
6.3.1. Comparison of grade of concrete with steel quantity and thickness of element 25
6.3.2. Comparison of cushion range and steel quantity 27
6.3.3. Cost comparison 28
7. CONCLUSION 32
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 33
9. ANNEXURE A 34
Annexure A1 34
Dead load calculation: 35
Live Load calculations: 36
Load Combinations 38
Staad Analysis 44
Annexure A2 46
Annexure A3 57
10. ANNEXURE B 58