Contents
Introduction 1
PART I: PROTOTYPING 5
Chapter 1: The Internet of Things: An Overview 7
The Flavour of the Internet
of Things 8
The "Internet" of "Things" 9
The Technology of the Internet of Things 12
Enchanted Objects 16
Who is Making the Internet of Things? 17
Summary 19
Chapter 2: Design Principles for Connected Devices 21
Calm and Ambient Technology 22
Magic as Metaphor 27
Privacy 31
Keeping Secrets 31
Whose Data Is It Anyway? 33
Web Thinking for Connected Devices 34
Small Pieces, Loosely Joined 34
First-Class Citizens On The Internet 35
Graceful Degradation 36
Affordances 37
Summary 39
Chapter 3: Internet Principles 41
Internet Communications: An Overview 42
IP 42
TCP 43
The IP Pr:otocol Suite (TCP/IP) 44
UDP 44
IP Addresses 45
DNS 46
Static IP Address Assignment 48
Dynamic IP Address Assignment 49
IPv6 50
MAC Addresses 51
TCP and UDP Ports 52
An Example: HTTP Ports 53
Other Common Ports 55
Application Layer Protocols 55
HTTP 56
HTTPS: Encrypted HTTP 59
Other Application Layer Protocols 60
Summary 61
Chapter 4: Thinking About Prototyping 63
Sketching 64
Familiarity 68
Costs versus Ease of Prototyping 69
Prototypes and Production 72
Changing Embedded Platform 72
Physical Prototypes and Mass Personalisation 73
Climbing into the Cloud 73
Open Source versus Closed Source 75
Why Closed? 77
Why Open? 78
Mixing Open and Closed Source 82
Closed Source for Mass Market Projects 83
Tapping into the Community 83
Summary 85
Chapter 5: Prototyping Embedded Devices 87
Electronics 88
Sensors 90
Actuators 90
Scaling Up the Electronics 91
Embedded Computing Basics 94
Microcontrollers 94
System-on-Chips 95
Choosing Your Platform 96
Arduino 100
Developing on the Arduino 102
Some Notes on the Hardware 107
Openness 109
Raspberry Pi 111
Cases and Extension Boards 113
Developing on the Raspberry Pi 114
Some Notes on the Hardware 120
Openness 121
BeagleBone Black 122
Cases and Extension Boards 124
Developing on the BeagleBone 124
Some Notes on the Hardware 129
Openness 129
Electric Imp 130
Developing on the Electric Imp 132
Other Notable Platforms 141
Mobile Phones and Tablets 142
Plug Computing: Always-on Internet of Things 143
mm l«
Chapter 6: Prototyping the Physical Design 147
Preparation 148
Sketch, Iterate, and Explore 150
Nondigital Methods 152
Laser Cutting 154
Choosing a Laser Cutter 155
Software 156
Hinges and Joints 157
3D Printing 161
Types of 3D Printing 162
Software 164
CNC Milling 166
Repurposing/Recycling 168
Summary 172
Chapter 7: Prototyping Online Components 173
Getting Started with an API 174
Mashing Up APis 175
Scraping 176
Legalities 177
Writing a New API 177
Clockodillo 178
Security 179
Implementing the API 183
Using Curl to Test 191
Going Further 194
Real-Time Reactions 198
Polling 199
Comet 199
Other Protocols 202
MQ Telemetry Transport 203
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol 203
Constrained Application Protocol 203
Summary 204
Chapter 8: Techniques for Writing Embedded Code 205
Memory Management 206
Types of Memory 206
Making the Most of Your RAM 208
Performance and Battery Life 214
Libraries 217
Debugging 219
Summary 223
PART II: FROM PROTOTYPE TO REALITY 225
Chapter 9: Business Models 227
A Short History of Business Models 228
Space and Time 228
From Craft to Mass Production 229
The Long Tail of the Internet 231
Learning from History 232
The Business Model Canvas 233
Who Is the Business Model For? 235
Models 238
Make Thing, Sell Thing 238
Subscriptions 238
Customisation 239
Be a Key Resource 240
Provide Infrastructure: Sensor Networks 241
Take a Percentage 242
Funding an Internet of Things Startup 243
Hobby Projects and Open Source 244
Venture Capital 245
Government Funding 248
Crowdfunding 249
Lean Startups 251
Summary 252
Chapter 10: Moving to Manufacture 255
What Are You Producing? 256
Designing Kits 257
Designing Printed circuit boards 260
Software Choices 263
The Design Process 265
Manufacturing Printed Circuit Boards 268
Etching Boards 268
Milling Boards 269
Third-Party Manufacturing 270
Assembly 270
Testing 272
Mass-Producing the Case and Other Fixtures 274
Certification 279
Costs 282
Scaling Up Software 284
Deployment 284
Correctness and Maintainability 285
Security 286
Performance 287
User Community 288
Summary 288
Chapter 11: Ethics 289
Characterizing the Internet of Things 291
Privacy 292
Control 296
Disrupting Control 298
Crowdsourcing 299
Environment 302
Physical Thing 302
Electronics 304
Internet Service 304
Solutions 305
The Internet of Things as Part of the Solution 305
Cautious Optimism 307
The Open Internet of Things Definition 308
Summary 309
Index 311