Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
Notation xiii
Chapter 1. Human thermal environments 1
Basic parameters 2
The heat balance equation for the human body 9
Example calculation 15
Chapter 2. Human thermal physiology and thermoregulation 21
Introduction 21
The thermophysical properties of the human body 21
Psychological responses 29
Behavioural thermoregulation 33
Body temperature 35
Chapter 3. Psychological responses 37
Introduction 37
Psychological models 39
Thermal sensation 41
Thermoreception 42
Semantics, psychological models and multi-dimensional
scaling 49
Mood, aggression, depression and other psychological
reactions 50
Discussion 55
Chapter 4. Measurement methods and assessment techniques 57
Introduction 57
Measuring kits and composite instruments 68
Measurement of physiological response 72
Measurement of psychological responses 80
The thermal index - an assessment technique 85
Chapter 5. Metabolic heat production 89
Introduction 89
Where does the heat come from? 89
Units 91
Estimation of metabolic heat production 92
The use of tables and databases 95
Subjective methods 99
Chapter 6. The thermal properties of clothing 103
Introduction 103
A simple clothing model 104
The two-parameter model 111
Determination of the thermal properties of clothing 120
Chapter 7. Thermal comfort 131
Introduction 131
Whole-body thermal comfort 132
Thermal models and thermal comfort 149
Do requirements for comfort apply universally? 153
Chapter 8. Heat stress 159
Introduction 159
Physiological responses to heat 160
Heat stress indices 163
Direct heat stress indices 174
Acclimatization 175
Chapter 9. Cold stress 181
Introduction 181
Physiological responses to cold 181
Psychological responses to cold 183
Chapter 10. Interference with activities, performance and productivity 199
Introduction 199
Early studies: Factory output and accidents 200
Performance models and indices 209
A rational performance model 212
Chapter 11. Human skin contact with hot surfaces 219
Introduction 219
Skin contact with a hot surface - analysis of the event 219
Mathematical models of heat transfer 231
Discussion 243
Chapter 12. International Standards 251
Introduction 251
ISO Standards 251
Other ISO items 273
Standards in the USA 273
Standards in the UK 278
European Standards (CEN)
Example of the application of ISO Standards to the 279
assessment of a hot environment
Example of the application of international (ISO) 281
standards for the assessment of moderate environments Example of the application of international (ISO) 282
standards for the assessment of cold environments 284
Chapter 13. Thermal models and computer aided design 287
Introduction 287
Thermal models 287
Do models work? 307
Appendix 1 Fundamentals of heat transfer 321
Conduction 321
Radiation 321
Convection 323
Evaporation 325
Appendix 2 Computer program listings for the assessment of heat stress, thermal comfort and cold stress 327
References 337
Index 353