Contents
1 A General Introduction to the Conservation of Buildings 1
Reference 2
2 Investigating Old Buildings 3
Measuring Historic Buildings and Structures 3
Recording for Possible Future Use 4
Surveying and Recording for Contract Use 4
Structural Survey Records 5
Categories of Structural Cracks 5
Access to Structures for Investigations 6
A Preuse Checklist for Access Systems 8
The Inspection Kit 10
References 11
3 The Study of Building Materials 12
Reference 12
4 Restoring and Repairing Old Wooden Structures 13
Historic Timberwork 13
A Question of Species 14
Historic Timber Structures 16
Log Structures 16
Unusual Timber Structures 17
Further Reading 17
The Nature of Wood 18
Moisture Contents and Shrinkage 19
Wood Deterioration 19
Physical, Chemical, and Mechanical Factors 20
Biodeterioration 23
Bacteria 23
Fungi 23
Types of Fungi 25
Molds 26
Sapstains 26
Insects 26
Marine Borers 34
Plants 34
Animals 36
The Timber Defects Survey 36
Repair and Restoration 39
Wood Restoration and Conservation 39
Partial or Complete Replacement 40
Mechanical Reinforcement 40
Consolidation by Impregnation 42
Reinforcement Systems and Consolidation 43
Pesticides and Preservatives 46
The Development of the Use of Chemicals Against Pests 48
References 57
5 Restoring Stonework 58
Research 58
The Conservation of Stonework 71
Building and Monumental Stones of the United States 84
Names and Descriptions of Stones 84
Sources 87
Stone Conservation Case Histories 88
6 Architectural Ceramics 99
Bricks 99
Terracotta 109
Conclusion 131
Appendix on Current Manufacturers 132
References 132
7 Cementitious Materials 133
Mortars 133
Concrete 141
Plaster 147
References 158
Plaster Conservation Case History 159
8 Cleaning Masonry 161
Categories of Masonry Materials 161
Categories of Soiling and Solvents 162
Pollution Controls 173
Future Directions 174
Reference 174
9 Architectural Metalwork 175
General Introduction 175
Origins 175
Chemical and Physical Deterioration 175
Qualities and Alloys 175
Temperature and Pressure Effects 176
Atomic Structure 177
Galvanic Corrosion 179
Cathodic Protection 181
Forms of Corrosion 181
Iron and Steel 181
Repainting 187
Sheet Copperwork 190
Bronzes and Copper Alloys 199
References 215
10 Paints and Coatings (by Frank G. Matero) 216
Painting Materials 216
Pigments 216
The Vehicle or Medium 218
Paint Systems 220
Paint Failure and Common Deterioration Mechanisms 221
Paint Investigation and Analysis 222
Restoration and Conservation Treatment Techniques 226
Removal Methods 226
Retention Methods 228
Reattachment 228
Cleaning 229
Replication and Compensation 229
Bibliography 231
11 Architectural Glass 232
Glass Materials and Manufacture 232
Glass 233
Colored Glass 233
Glass Types 233
Forming the Glass 233
Glass Deterioration 234
Glass Formulae and their Effects on Durability 235
Crizzling and Weeping Glasses 235
Lead Glasses and their Deterioration 235
Increases in Opacity 236
The Deterioration of Painting on Glass 236
Describing Different Forms of Deterioration 236
Leaded Glass 236
Durability of Glasses in the Built Environment 236
The Conservation and Restoration of Glass and Glazing 237
References 238
12 Foundations and Footings 239
The Nature and Problems of Old Foundations and Footings 239
Piling 240
Soils and Rock 241
Differential Settlement 241
Continuous Underpinning 245
Prestressing and Pretesting 245
Piled Underpinning 246
Jacked Piling 246
Root Piles or Pale Radici 246
Cantilever Underpinning 247
Seismic Isolation Retrofitting 247
Bibliography 248
References 248
13 Restoring Slate Roofing 249
Approaching Restoration 249
The Nature of Slate and Some Inherent Problems 249
Faults Associated with Quarrying, Transport, and Laying 250
Failures in Slate Roofing Systems and Fixings 251
Underlays and Substructures 251
Restoration Criteria 251
Dimensions 251
Textures, Forms, Patterns, and Types 252
Colors and Sources 252
Further Reading 253
14 Synthetic Resins, Polymers, and Preservation 254
Plastics 254
Natural and Historic Synthetic Resins and Polymers 254
Resins Plus What? 256
Resins and Plastics in Conservation 256
Acrylics 256
Cellulosics 256
Polyvinyls 256
Epoxides 257
Polyesters 257
Silicones 257
Siliconates 257
Silanes 257
Oligomerous Alkylalkoxysiloxanes 258
Polymeric Alkylalkoxysiloxanes 258
Silicic Acid Esters 258
References 258
Further Reading 259
15 Historic Wallpapers 260
The Attachment of Wallpapers 262
The Care and Preservation of Wallpapers 262
The Reproduction of Old Wallpapers 263
Further Reading 264
Index 265