Content
1. Effects and Sources of Air Pollutants. 1
Introduction.
Air Pollution. Episodes.
General Nature of Air Pollution Problems.
Definition and General Listing of Air Pollutants.
Particulate Matter.
Carbon Monoxide.
Sulfur Oxides.
Effects of Hydrocarbons, Oxides of Nitrogen, Photo Chemical Oxidants, Lead and other metals.
Sources of Air Pollutants.
Global Issues Related to Air Pollution.
Air Pollution and Internet Resources.
Questions 55
Problems 55
References 57
2. Federal Legislation and Regulatory Trends. 61
Introduction.
The History of Federally Enacted Laws.(Pre -1970)
The Clean Air Amendments Act of 1970.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 and Prevention of Significant Deterioration.
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Ambient Concentrations of Air Toxics
Questions 104
Problems 105
References 108
3. Meteorology. 109
Introduction.
Solar Radiation.
Wind Circulation.
Lapse Rate.
Stability Conditions.
Wind Velocity Profile.
Maximum Mixing Depth.
Wind Rose.
Turbulence.
General Characteristics of Stack Plumes.
Questions 139
Problems 140
References 142
4. Dispersion of Pollutants in the Atmosphere. 143
Introduction.
The Eddy Diffusion Model.
The Gaussian or Normal Distribution.
The Gaussian Dispersion Model.
Evaluation of the Standard Deviations.
The Maximum Ground-Level In-Line Concentration. Calculations of the Effective Stack Height.
Some Other Considerations Regarding. Gaseous Dispersion
Appendix-Development of the Gaussian-Type Dispersion Equation 177
Questions 181
Problems 182
References 186
5. Particulate Control. 188
Introduction.
Distribution and Sources of. Particulate Matter.
Particulate Collection Efficiency.
Particulate Distribution.
Terminal or Settling Velocity.
Deposition of Particles from Stacks.
Hood and Duct Design.
Particulate Collection Mechanism.
Particulate Control Equipment.
Comparison of Particulate Control
Equipment. 276
Questions 278
Problems 279
References 291
6. General Control of Gases and Vapors. 294
Introduction.
Adsorption.
Adsorption.
Combustion.
Fundamentals of Chemical Kinetics.
Formation and Control of Carbon Monoxide.
Incineration of Afterburning.
Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis in Afterburning Processes. Incineration of Waste.
Questions 390
Problems 391
References 398
7. Control of Sulfur Oxides and other Acid Gases. 400
Introduction.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Sulfur Oxide Formation. General Control Methods.
Flue-Gas Desulfurization Processes.
Questions 427
Problems 427
References 428
8. Control of Oxides of Nitrogen from Stationary Sources. 430
Introduction.
Sources and Concentrations of Nox.
Thermodynamics of NO and NO2Formation.
Kinetics of Nitric Oxide Formation in Combustion Processes. NOx Formation from Fuel Nitrogen.
Combustion Control Methods for Ox from Stationary Sources. Flue-Gas Control Methods for NOx
Questions 467
Problems 468
References 469
9. Atmospheric Photochemical Reaction. 471
Introduction.
Thermodynamics of Photochemical Reactions.
Monatomic Oxygen and Ozone Formation.
Role of Oxides of Nitrogen in Photooxidation.
Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Photochemistry.
Hydrocarbon Reactivity.
Development of Control Strategies.
Daily History of Pollutants in Photochemical Smog.
Questions 486
Problems 487
References 488
10. Mobile Sources. 489
Introduction.
Status of Vehicle Usage and Emissions.
Emission Standards for Automobiles.
Gasoline.
Origin of Exhaust Emissions from Gasoline Engines. Crankease and Evaporative Emissions.
Emission Reduction using External Reactors.
Future Directions of Emissions Controls on Gasoline Engines. Emission Reduction by Fuel Changes.
Diesel Engine Emissions.
Emission Models for Tailpipe and Evaporative Emissions.
Questions 530
Problems 531
References 532
Appendix A. Instrumentation 535
Introduction 535
A-2 Sampling Train 535
A-3 Particulate Analysis 536
A-4 Gas Analysis 539
A-5 Monitoring of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons 546
A-6 Monitoring Methods for Sulfur Dioxide 546
A-7 Monitoring for Oxides of Nitrogen 547
A-8 Monitoring of Photochemical
Oxidants 548
References 549
Appendix B. Measurement Quantities 550
B-1 Conversion Factors 550
B-2 Universal Gas Constant and Gravitational Acceleration 551
B-3 Properties of Air 551
B-4 Molar Masses of Various Substances, M 551
B-5 Values of the Error Function, erf x 552
B-6 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy of Air 553
B-7 List of Title III Hazardous Air Pollutants 554
B-8 Categories of Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants and Regulation Promulgation Schedule by Regulatory Deadlines 558
B-9 Relationship Between C and Re 562
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 563
Index 569