Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate
Acknowledgments. iii
Abstract .....v
Table of contents. viii
List of figures xii
List of tables xv
1 Introduction to the dissertation 1
1.1 Background and context 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Key Research Questions 3
1.4 Objectives 3
1.5 Methodology 3
1.5 Outcomes 4
1.5 Limitations 4
2 Literature Review 6
2.1 Importance of Wastewater reuse in SGD 6
2.1 Concept of Urban Wastewater Management 7
2.3 Wastewater as a resource 7
2.4 Categories of Wastewater reuse 11
2.5 Paradigms and factors governing wastewater reuse 12
2.6 Wastewater Reuse in other countries 14
2.6.1 Global experience in Assessing potential of wastewater reuse under various categories 14
2.6.2 Wastewater reuse in Agriculture 15
2.6.3 Wastewater reuse in Industries 20
2.6.3 Non-irrigational Wastewater reuse 22
2.6.5 Concluding Remarks 25
2.7 Evolution of global policing enabling wastewater reuse 26
2.7.1 Title 22 26
2.7.1 USEPA Guideline 27
2.7.1 WHO Guidelines 28
2.7.1 Australian Guidelines 28
2.8 Inferences 29
3 Wastewater Reuse scenario in India 30
3.1 Indian Wastewater treatment scenario 30
3.2 Economics of wastewater reuse in India 33
3.3 Reuse policy for wastewater for select Indian states 34
3.4 Review of national policies and programs on wastewater reuse 35
3.6 Cases of municipal wastewater reuse and recycle in India 37
3.7 Concluding remarks 43
4 Introduction to Study Area: Case of Maharashtra 44
4.1 Water story of Maharashtra 44
4.2 Sewerage and treatment infrastructure in Maharashtra 45
4.3 Need to reuse wastewater in Maharashtra 46
4.4 Identification of priority areas for reuse 47
4.5 Highlights of Maharashtra state Reuse Policy 2017 48
4.6 Dynamics of Wastewater reuse for different usages in Maharashtra 48
4.7 Reuse in Thermal Power Plants 49
4.8 Reuse in Industrial Estates 52
4.9 Agricultural Reuse 55
4.10 Concluding Remarks 57
5 Current Practices and Potentials of Wastewater Reuse in Kolhapur City 60
5.1 Kolhapur City profile 60
5.2 Water & Sewerage infrastructure scenario in Kolhapur city 61
5.2.1 Water Supply 61
5.2.2 Groundwater 62
5.2.3 Storm water Network 63
5.2.4 Sewerage 64
5.2.5 Treatment facilities 65
5.3 Need of Reuse in Kolhapur city 67
5.4 Current practices of reuse in Kolhapur city 68
5.5 Reuse potentials in Kolhapur city 68
5.6 Wastewater reuse potential in MIDCs 69
5.7 Wastewater reuse potentials for agriculture along Panchganga River 71
5.8 Wastewater reuse potential for Public Works 72
5.9 Wastewater reuse potential for Environmental purposes 74
5.9.1 Parks and Gardens 74
5.9.2 City Lakes 75
5.10 Summary: Overall Wastewater Reuse Plan for Kolhapur city 75
5.11 Recommendations to promote wastewater reuse plan for Kolhapur 77
5.12 Conclusion 77
6 Conclusion: Recommended State Action Plan for upscaling wastewater reuse 79
6.1 Recommended State Action Plan for Promoting Wastewater Reuse 79
6.2 Closing Remarks
References 86
Appendix 1: Questionnaire survey 89
Appendix 2: Revenue Models 96
Appendix 3: Miscellaneous 104