Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments. v
Abstract vii
List of Abbreviations ix
Table of Contents xi
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Significance of the study 2
1.2.1 Why universal access to Individual Toilets is important? 2
1.2.2 Effects of lack of Improved Sanitation 3
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Rationale for Selection of Cities 6
1.5 Key Research Questions 7
1.6 Aim & Research Objectives 7
1.7 Framework, Approach & Methodology 7
1.8 Scope and Limitations 9
2 Literature Review 11
2.1 Define Term IHHL - Its functions and need 11
2.2 Global Scenario and World Development Goals 12
2.3 Sanitation: A National Agenda 14
2.4 Maharashtra State Level Scenario 14
2.5 National Policies and Programs focused on construction of IHHL 15
2.5.1 A Paradigm Shift in Sanitation – Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 17
2.5.2 NSS 76th Round 2018 – Reasons for not using IHHL 19
2.5.3 State level guidelines for individual toilets – Telangana 19
2.5.4 Inferences from Policies and Programs 20
2.6 Best Practices that have overcome the issue of space constraints 20
2.7 Determinants that effect in construction of IHHL 22
2.8 Conclusion 22
3 Synopsis from the Success Case Visit - Pune 23
3.1 Secondary data analysis to identify slums for on-ground reality check 23
3.2 How “One Home One Toilet” model works? 24
3.3 Highlights from Meetings with Key Informants . 26
3.4 Household Interactions in 5 identified slums of Pune 27
3.4.1 Rajiv Gandhi Nagar 27
3.4.2 Premnagar 28
3.4.3 Sanjay Park 29
3.4.4 Janata Vasahat 30
3.4.5 Shivrainagar 31
3.5 Testimonials from User’s Perspectives 32
3.6 Layout Based Analysis of all the dwelling units visited in Pune 33
3.7 Addressing Challenges faced to construct IHHL 34
3.8 Driving Factors of households who have constructed IHHL 34
3.9 Conclusion 35
4 Upgrading Sanitation Scenario in Wai and Sinnar 37
4.1 Process Mapping and Sampling Methodology of Wai and Sinnar 37
4.2 Sanitation Scenario of Wai 38
4.2.1 State of Sanitation in Wai from Secondary data analysis 39
4.2.2 Baseline Assessment 40
4.2.3 Macro level Assessment and Gaps Identified 42
4.2.4 Supply Side Scenario of Wai 43
4.2.5 Households with Group Toilet in Wai 44
4.2.6 Participatory Approach – Focused Group Discussions 46
4.2.7 Micro Level Assessment of 3 non-slum areas of Wai 46
4.2.8 User Perceptions from Wai 47
4.2.9 Conclusion 47
4.3 Sanitation Scenario in Sinnar 49
4.3.1 Baseline Assessment . 49
4.3.2 Macro Level Assessment and Gaps Identified 51
4.3.3 Supply Side Scenario of Sinnar 53
4.3.4 Cases where space constraints have been overcome in Sinnar 54
4.3.5 Micro level Assessment of 4 slums in Sinnar . 56
4.3.6 Conclusion 58
4.4 Community toilets posing hurdles to social distancing 59
4.5 Comparative Analysis of Pune, Wai and Sinnar 61
5 Recommendations 63
5.1 Standards to be adopted as a benchmark for space constraints 63
5.2 Enabling Environment Solutions 65
5.2.1 Strategies at Individual and Community level 66
5.2.2 Potential Options for Behavior Change 71
5.2.3 Potential Options for Material of Superstructure 72
5.2.4 Adapting Technologies w.r.t Context . 73
5.3 Engagement of Non-Profits and other Stakeholders 75
5.4 Conclusion 75
References 77
Appendix 1: Questionnaire to study on ground realities in success case of Pune 81
Appendix 2: Questionnaire for assessment in Wai and Sinnar 84
Appendix 3: A small inventory of houses from settlements of Wai and Sinnar 87
Appendix 4: Miscellaneous 88