Contents INTRODUCTION 1-12 1.1 Importance of Transportation 1 1.2 Different Modes of Transportation 4 1.3 Characteristics of Roads Transport 5 1.4 Importance of Roads in India 6 1.5 Scope of Highway Engineering 8 2 HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 13-75 2.1 Historical Development of Road Construction 13 2.2 Highway Development in India 22 2.3 Necessity of Highway Planning 31 2.4 Classification of Roads32 2.5 Road Patterns 36 2.6 Planning Surveys40 2.7 Preparation of Plans 44 2.8 Interpretation of Planning Surveys 44 2.9 Preparation of Master Plan & its Phasing 45 2.10 Highway Planning in India 52 3 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS 76-104 3-1 Highway Alignment76 3.2 Engineering Surveys for Highway Location 83 3.3 Drawings and Report 91 3.4 Highway Project 93 4 HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN 105-230 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 Highway Cross Section Elements 108 4.3 Sight Distance 125 4.4 Design of Horizontal Alignment 152 4.5 Design of Vertical Alignment 203 5 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 231-389 5.1 Introduction 231 5.2 Traffic Characteristics 233 5.3 Traffic Operation 307 5.4 Design of Intersections 341 5.5 Design of Parking Facility 360 5.6 Highway Lighting 365 5;7 Traffic Planning & Administration 373 6 HIGHWAY MATERIALS 393-481 6.1 Subgrade Soil 390 6.2 Stone Aggregates 425 6.3 Bituminous Materials 440 6.4 Bituminous Paving Mixes 459 6.5 Portland Cement & Cement Concrete477 DESIGN OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS 482-591 7.1 Introduction 482 7.2 Design Factors 489 7.3 Design of Flexible Pavements 506 7.4 Design of Rigid Pavements 541 8 HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION 592-671 8.1 General Construction 592 8.2 Earthwork 595 8.3 Construction of Earth Roads606 8.4 Construction of Gravel Roads 608 8.5 Construction of Water Bound Macadam Roads 609 8.6 Construction of Bituminous Pavements 616 8.7 Construction of Cement Concrete Pavements 642 8.8 Construction of Joints in Cement Concrete Pavements 653 8.9 Joint Filler and Sealer 659 8.10 Reinforced Concrete Pavements 665 8.11 Prestressed Concrete Pavements 666 9 SOIL STABILIZED ROADS 672-709 9.1 Imroduction 671 92 Mechanical Soil Stabilization 676 9.3 Soil-cement Stabilization 685 9.4 Soil-lime Stabilization 692 9.5 Stabilization of Soil Using Bituminous Materials 696 9.6 Special Problems in Soil Stabilization Work 700 10 HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE 710-753 10.1 Introduction 710 10.2 Pavement Failures 712 10.3 Maintenance of Highways 726 10.4 Pavements Evaluation 736 10.5 Strengthening of Existing Pavements 738 11 HIGHWAY DRAINAGE 754-777 11.1 Introduction 754 11.2. Importance of Highway Drainage 754 1 1 .3Surface Drainage 756 11.4 Sub-surface Drainage 769 1 1 .5 Drainage of Slopes & Erosion Control 773 11.6 Road Construction in Water-logged Areas 774 12 HILL ROADS 778-809 12.1 General Considerations 778 12.2 Alignment of Hill Roads 780 12.3 Geometries of Hill Roads 785 12.4 Design & Construction of Hill Roads 791 12.5 Drainage in Hill Roads 800 12.6 Maintenance Problems in Hill Roads 804 13ROAD SIDE DEVELOPMENT 810-819 13.1 Environment Factors in Planning and Development of Highways 810 13.2 Road Side Development and Arboriculture 811 13.3 Planning Plantation of Trees 812 13.4 Species and their Selection 814 13.5 Care of Trees 818 14 HIGHWAY ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 820-849 14.1 Introduction 820 14.2 Highway User Benefits 821 14.3 Highway Costs 831 14.4 Economic Analysis 836 14.5 Highway Finance 844 Index851-862