Contents
Preface (iii)
Biology and life
Objectives 1
1.0 What is biology? 3
1.1 The living world around us 4
1.2 Criteria of living things 6
1.3 Making food 8
1.4 What are species? 10
1.5 Ecosystem 13
2. 0 Evolution of life on earth 18
2.1 Evolution of life from inanimate 19
inorganic substances 19
2.2 Diversity in the evolution of bacteria 20
2.3 Impact of bacteria 23
3.0 The amazing plant kingdom 26
3.1 Evolution of plants 26
3.2 Evolution of plants on land 31
3.3 Classification of plants 34
3.4 Structure of plants 37
3.5 Parts of a plant 39
3.6 Leaf- the food factory oflife on earth 42
3. 7 Basic structure of a flower 49
3.8 Seeds 50
3.9 Plants- food, energy and medicine 55
4.0 Origin of the animal kingdom 60
4.1 Protozoa- the first animals 60
4.2 Difference between plants and animals 61
4.3 Evolution of vertebrates 64
4.4 What are the common features
among the vertebrates 67
5.0 Biology and life processes 69
5.1 Cell- the smallest unit 69
5.2 Cells and tissues in plants and animals 71
6.0 Same life processes but different methods 80
6.1 Nutrition 82
6.2 Respiration- is it only breathing in
and breathing out? 85
6.3 Circulatory system or the transport system 90
6.4 Fluid recovery organ systemsthe
lymphatic system 95
6.5 On the move: Locomotion 97
6.6 Reproduction: the essential act of evolution 102
7. 0 Energy Sensors 108
7.1 Perception of light or vision 108
7.2 Skin: the largest organ of a vertebrate 112
7.3 The human ear 112
8.0 The invisible world of microbes 115
8.1 Viruses _the dangerous microbes 116
8.2 Viruses and diseases 117
8.3 Biology and molecules 118