Content
Undertaking i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xv
List of tables xix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Rationale for the Study 1
1.3 Aim of the Study 2
1.4 Research Objectives 2
1.5 Methodology 2
1.6 Research Design 5
1.7 Research Tools and Instruments 5
1.8 Scope and Limitation 6
1.9 Structure of the Report 6
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Contribution of Metro in Vehicular Emission 9
2.2 Metro- A success or a failure 10
2.3 Initiatives to Reduce Pollution 11
2.4 Evolution of Public Transportation Systems 12
2.5 Air Quality of Hyderabad 12
2.6 Travel Characteristics 13
2.7 Mode Share 14
2.8 Ridership in Metro 14
2.9 Route Rationalisation 15
3 HYDERABAD: CITY PROFILE 16
3.1 Hyderabad: City Profile 16
3.2 Evolution of the City 17
3.3 Growth of the City 18
3.4 Hyderabad Metro 20
3.5 PPP Model of Metro 22
4 AIR QUALITY OF THE CITY 23
4.1 Meteorological Conditions 23
4.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Hyderabad 24
4.3 Particulate Matter (PM10) 25
4.3.1 Annual Averages: Away and Near to Metro Corridor 26
4.3.2 Annual Averages: Before and After Metro 27
4.3.3 Impact of Land use on Air Quality 27
4.3.4 Seasonal Averages: Away and Near to Metro Corridor 30
4.3.5 Seasonal Averages: Before and After Metro 32
4.3.6 Isopleths: Annual Average 33
4.3.7 Key Findings 34
4.4 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 34
4.4.1 Annual Averages: Away and Near to Metro Corridor 35
4.4.2 Annual Averages: Before and After Metro 36
4.4.3 Impact of Land Use on the Air Quality 36
4.4.4 Seasonal Averages: Away and Near to Metro Corridor 38
4.4.5 Seasonal Averages: Before and After Metro 38
4.4.6 Isopleths: Annual Average 41
4.4.7 Key Findings 42
4.5 Sulphur Oxides (SOx) 42
4.6 Factors Impacting Air Quality 42
4.7 Source Apportionment 43
4.7.1 Vehicles 44
4.7.2 Construction Activities 46
4.7.3 Road Dust 47
4.8 Summary 50
5 IMPACT OF METRO ON VEHICULAR EMISSIONS 51
5.1 Commuter Trends 51
5.1.1 Metro Users 51
5.1.2 Non Metro Users 53
5.2 Data Analysis 54
5.2.1 Distance and Frequency of Travel 55
5.2.2 Income and Frequency of Travel 55
5.3 Issues related to Metro Rail 56
5.3.1 Ridership in Metro 56
5.3.2 Capacity, Frequency and Utilisation of Metro 57
5.3.3 Connectivity 57
5.4 Summary 58
6 Reduction in Vehicular Emissions due to Metro 60
6.1 Methodology to Analyse Shift 60
6.2 Methodology to calculate Emissions Reduced 62
6.3 Estimation of Emissions Reduced 62
6.3.1 Scenario based on Increase in Ridership 62
6.3.2 Scenario based on increase in Shift from Private Vehicles 65
6.3.3 Scenario based on Shift from all Vehicles 68
6.4 Summary 70
7 CONCLUSION 72
References 75
Appendix 1: Questionnaire for Metro Commuters xxi
Appendix 2: Estimation of Shift to Metro xxv
Appendix 3: Ambient Air Quality Standards xxvii
Appendix 4: Air Quality Index xxix
Appendix 5: Air Quality Tables xxxi