Content
Undertaking i
Acknowledgments iii
Abstract v
Table of contents vii
List of figures xi
List of tables 13
1 Research Proposal 15
1.1 Background 15
1.2 Need for the study 16
1.3 Research Design 17
1.4 Aim 17
1.5 Objectives 17
1.6 Scope 17
1.7 Limitations 18
1.8 Research Methodology 18
2 Literature Review 21
2.1 Transport sector and its emission 21
2.2 Motorized transport emissions impact on city’s emission profile 22
2.3 Mass rail transit system 22
2.4 Emission reduction from MRTS 23
3 Delhi City Profile 25
3.1 City overview 25
3.2 History of urban planning 25
3.3 Urban growth 25
3.4 Demography 27
3.5 Urban transport 28
3.6 Modal composition of trips 29
3.7 Travel demand 29
3.8 Road network 30
3.9 Existing Public transport 30
3.10 Bus as a public transport 31
3.11 Delhi Metro Rail Corporation 32
4 Air monitoring station and Air quality of Delhi 35
4.1 Topography and climate of Delhi 35
4.2 Introduction to air monitoring stations in Delhi 36
5 Impact of Metro rail on air quality of Delhi 39
5.1 Data Source and Methodology 39
5.2 NOx and PM10 analysis in air monitoring stations near to and away from Red Metro Line 39
5.3 NOx and PM10 analysis in air monitoring stations near to and away from Blue Metro Line 43
5.4 NOx and PM10 analysis in air monitoring stations in near to and away from Yellow, Green and Violet Metro Line 46
5.5 Seasonal versus Annual analysis of NOx and PM10 pollutant 49
6 Other factors that are influencing the air quality of Delhi apart from Metro 51
6.1 Data & Methodology 51
6.2 Land use and Type of activity around air monitoring station 53
6.2.1 Residential and Commercial Land Use 53
6.2.2 Change in Congestion level 55
6.3 Vehicles 58
6.4 Industrial Land Use 59
7 Impact on transport emission due to Delhi Metro operation 61
7.1 Data and Methodology 61
7.2 Performance of Delhi Metro 61
7.3 Primary survey analysis 64
7.4 Data and Methodology for calculating emission reduction due to Metro 65 8 Conclusion 69
References 71
Appendix 1: Survey questionnaire 75
Appendix 2: Ambient Air Q uality Standards 77