Content
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xiii
List of tables x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Need for the study 1
1.3 Aim 2
1.4 Objectives 2
1.5 Scope 2
1.6 Limitations 3
1.7 Methodology 3
1.7.1 Primary data collection 5
1.7.2 Secondary data collection 5
1.8 Chapter scheme 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Global measures in reducing emissions from transport sector 7
2.2 Public transport and air quality 8
2.3 Assessing the impact of MRTS projects on air quality 9
3 BANGALORE CITY PROFILE 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.1.1 City growth 14
3.1.2 Traffic characteristics of the city 15
3.2 Metro Rail project in Bangalore 17
3.2.1 Source apportionment of the city 20
4 DATA & ANALYSIS 23
4.1 Impact of Metro on air quality 23
4.1.1 Air quality changes for AQMS with and without Metro 24
4.1.2 Air quality changes in the city before and after Metro rail 29
4.1.3 Observations 32
4.2 Factors influencing air quality 33
4.2.1 Congestion changes 33
4.2.2 Land use and air quality changes comparison 36
4.2.3 Observations 44
4.3 Public transportation usage trends 44
4.3.1 Traffic and transport characteristics 44
4.3.2 Public transport usage trends 46
4.3.3 Observations 47
4.4 Reduction in vehicular emission 47
4.4.1 Primary survey analysis 48
4.4.2 Emission Reduction 53
5 CONCLUSIONS 59
References 63
Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire 61