Contents
Preface xi
Part 1 : The background and development of contemporary planning
1 An Overview 1
The Need for Planning 1
The Specific Concerns of Planning 3
Who Are the Planner&? 4
Professional Organizations 5
Satisfactions and Discontents 6
Useful Abilities 7
The Plan of This Book 7
Notes 8
2 The Urbanization of America 9
Urbanization in the Nineteenth; Century 9
Urban Trends in the Twentieth Century 15
A Tum Toward Reurbanization? 24
Summary 28 ,.
Notes 29
Selected Bibliography 29
3 The History of Planning: Part I 30
Colonial America 31
Limited Means and Growing Problems 33
The Pressure for Reform 34
The Birth of Modem City Planning 41
The Public Control of Private Property 43
The Emergence of Regional and State Planning 47
Grander Visions 50
Summary 54
Notes 54
Selected Bibliography 55
4 The History of Planning: Part II 56
Planning and the Great Depression 56
The Postwar Period 59
Summary 66
Notes 67
Selected Bibliography 67
PART 2 : The structure and practice of contemporary planning
5 The Legal Basis' of Planning 68
The Constitutional Framework 68
Public Control over Private Property 70
The Rights of Nonresidents 81
The Fight over Eminent Domain 84
State-Enabling
Legislation 86
The Federal Role 88
Summary 91
Notes 91
Selected Bibliography 92
6 Planning and Politics 93
Why Is Planning Political? 93
Planners and Power The Fragmentation of Power 96
Styles of Planning How Planning Agencies Are Organized 101
Summary 105
Notes 106
Selected Bibliography
7 The Social Issues 107
The Social Issues in Planning for Housing 108
Other Issues 113
Who Does Social Planning? 119
Summary 119
Notes120
Selected Bibliography
8 The Comprehensive Plan 121
The Goals of Comprehensive Planning 121
The Comprehensive Planning Process 123
How Effective Are Comprehensive Plans? 131
Summary 132
Notes 133
Selected Bibliography 133
9 The Tools of Land-Use Planning 134
Public Capital Investment 134
Financing Capital Expenditures 135
Land-Use Controls 139
Making Zoning More Flexible 148
Form-Based Zoning 159
Other Types of Local Land-Use Controls 162
Combining Capital Investment and Land-Use Controls 163
Forces Beyond Local Control 165
Summary167
Notes 168
Selected Bibliography 169
Part 3 : Fields of planning
10 Urban Design 170
What Is Urban Design? 171
Three Large-Scale Urban Design Examples 172
The Urban Design Process 179
What Is Good Urban Design? 182
Replanning Suburbia: The Neotraditionalists 186
Edge City 194
Visions of the City of the Future 201
Coming to Terms with the Automobile 204
Summary 205
Notes 206
Selected Bibliography 207
11 Urban Renewal and Community Development 208
Urban Renewal 209
Community Development 215
The Housing Question 220
Planning for Housing 222
The Housing Bubble and the Problem of Abandonment 228
Summary 234
Notes 235
Selected Bibliography 236
12 Transportation Planning 237
Recent Trends in Urban Transportation 237
Paying for Transportation 240
Transportation Planning and Land Use 242
The Transportation Planning Process 244
Optimizing the Traffic System 255
The Growing Role of Tolls and Privatization 256
The Future of the Automobile 257
Summary 260
Bibliography 261
13 Economic Development Planning 262
Historic Roots 263
Perspectives on Local Economic Development 264
State Economic Development Efforts 267
Local Economic Development Programs 269
Summary 279
Notes 280
Selected Bibliography 280
14 Growth Management, Smart Growth, Sustainable Development, and Planning for Catastrophe 282
The Origins of Growth Management 284
Winners and Losers in Growth Management 285
A Sampling of Local Growth Management Programs 287
State-Level Growth Management 290
Growth Management: Pro or Con? 296
The Challenge of Smart Growth 297
Planning for Sustainability 300
Planning for Natural Disasters 305
Summary 313
Notes 314
Selected
Bibliography 316
15 Environmental and Energy Planning 317
The Environmental Planning Problem 317
The Question of Global Climate Change 318
Environmental Progress at the National Level 321
A Brief History of National Environmental Policy 322
The Link Between National and Local Environmental Planning 329 Economic and Political Issues in Environmental Planning 331
Local Environmental Planning 335
Energy Planning 339
Summary 346
Notes 347
Selected Bibliography 347
16 Planning for Metropolitan Regions 348
The Political Problem 348
A Brief History of Metropolitan­ Area Planning 350
Minneapolis-St. Paul: A Tale of Two Cities 353
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 356
The Atlanta Regional Commission 361
Summary 363
Notes 364
Selected Bibliography 365
Part 4 : Larger questions
17 National Planning in the United States 366
Is There National Planning in the United States? 366
The Pattern of Land Settlement 367
Establishing the Rail Network 368
Water and the West 370
Systematic Regional Planning 374
The Interstate Highway System 376
Financing the Suburbs 379
Land Management 382
What's Next? 384
Summary 384
Notes 385
Selected Bibliography 386
18 Planning in Other Nations 387
Planning in Western Europe 387
Planning in Eastern Europe 416
Planning in Asia 422
Summary 428
Notes 429
Selected Bibliography 430
19 Planning Theory 431
Is Theory Necessary? 431
A Distinction Between Public and Private Planning 432
The Process of Planning 433
Advocacy Planning: The Question of for Whom 442
Planning from Right and Left 443
Summary 448
Notes 449
Selected Bibliography 450
Index 451