Preface x Chapter 1Urban America and the Cities 1 Introduction 1 Unresolved Questions 12 The Historical Legacy 20 The Future 23 Notes 24 Chapter 2 77ze Contextual Setting of Contemporary Urban Politics 26 Introduction 26 Development of Cities in Western Europe 26 Colonial and Pre-Civil War America 28 Post-Civil War America and the Industrial Revolution 31 The 1920s to the 1970s 34 Cities in Contemporary America 36 Conclusion 39 Notes 39 Chapter 3 The Folklore of Contemporary Urban America 41 The Myths 41 The Reality 47 Public Perceptions of Urban America 57 Conclusion 66 Notes 67 Chapter 4 Ethnicity, Class, and Race in Urban America69 Introduction 69 Ethnicity and Urban Politics 70 Class and Urban Politics 74 Racial Politics 80 Conclusion 86 Notes 87 Chapter 5 Participants in the Urban Policy-making Process 90 Introduction 90 Formal Participants 93 May or-Council Form 95 Council-Manager Form 96 Commission Form 97 Implications of Institutional Choice 98 Informal Participants 101 Elected Party Leaders 101 Local Bureaucrats and Employee Groups 102 Participant Public 104 Illegal Groups 107 The Politics of Municipal Budgeting 108 Who Actually Rules? 110 Conclusion 113 Notes 113 Chapter 6 Prior Policy Choices 116 Introduction 116 Categorical Grant Programs 116 Housing and Urban Renewal 118 Housing 119 Urban Renewal 123 Poverty Programs 128 Political Forces 128 The Legislation 131 Outcomes 136 Conclusion 138 Notes 139 Chapter 7 Present Policy Choices 141 Introduction 141 Revenue Sharing 143 Background 143 Outcome 146 Education 149 Background 149 School Desegregation 153 Outcome 155 Land Use Planning 157 Background 157 Present Policy 159 Outcomes 161 Conclusion 161 Notes 162 Chapter 8 Possibilities for Institutional Change 165 Introduction 165 Changes in Vertical Relations 168 Crime Control 168 The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 171 Changes in Horizontal Relations 173 Centralizing Urban Governments 173 Decentralizing Urban Governments 181 Neighborhood Autonomy 182 Neighborhood Federation 184 Conclusion 185 Notes 187 Chapter 9 Citizen Participation Options 189 Introduction 189 Traditional Participation 190 Electoral Politics 190 Policy Implementation 194 Nontraditional Approaches 196 Electoral Politics 196 Policy Implementation 197 Conclusion 204 Notes 205 Chapter 10 Current Policy Choices 207 Introduction 207 The Centralizing Option 214 The Decentralizing Option 215 Local Autonomy 216 Local Autonomy with Federal Support 216 Limitations on Policy Selection 217 Notes 222 Index 225