CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Abstract
1.2 Aim and Objectives
1.3 Relevance: Choice of Ladakh
1.4 Methedology and Restrictions
2. ENVIRONMENT 9
2.1 Positioning in Ladakh
2.2 Climate and vegetation
2.3 Environment and Human activities
2.4 Avalibility of construction material
3. SOCITY AND CULTURE 13
3.1 People and language
3.2 Social organizations
3.3 Religions
4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 15
4.1 Early history
4.2 Ladakh part of independent India
5. THE SETTLEMENT AND ITS SURROUNDINGS 16
5.1 Typologies of Settlement
5.2 The Village Within the Terrain
5.3 Village Layout: Building Adaptation to the Community Needs
5.4 The Village and its Pastureland: Dog, Brog, Dogsa and Pulu
5.5 Village Name
5.6 Sacred Landscape
5.7 Construction among villages
(a) Religious Structures
6. THE HOUSE 27
6.1 General notes of the house
6.2 Basic principles for the construction of a house
6.3 Traditional measurement units
6.4 House form
6.5 House elements and construction technology
(a) Main phases of the construction process and beginning of the building activity
(b) Foundation
6.6 Walls
(a) Stone Walls
(b) Sun dried Mud brick Walls
(c) Rammed Earth Walls
6.7 Mortar
6.8 Non Structural Partition
6.9 Battered Walls
6.10 Wooden Tiles
6.11 Openings
(a) Windows
(b) Shingtsag
(c) Doors
6.12 Horizontal structures, Beam-Pillar System and flooring
(a) An Odd Number of Dungma
(b) Pillars
6.13 Roofing
6.14 Plaster
6.15 Stairs
7. CASE-STUDY 59
INFERENCES 78
SUMMARY 79
CONCLUSION 80
GLOSSARY 81
BIBLIOGRAPHY 82
REFERENCES 84
INTERVIEWS 84