CONTENTS
Abbreviations xv
Symbols xvii
Preface to the second edition xxi
Preface to the first edition xxiii
Acknowledgements and permissions xxv
Authors xxix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Philosophy of tunneling
1.2 Scope of this book
1.3 Historical context
1.4 The nature of the ground
1.5 Tunnel cross section terminology
1.6 Content and layout of this book
2 Site investigation 7
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Site investigation during a project
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Desk study
2.2.3 Site reconnaissance
2.2.4 Ground investigation (overview)
2.3 Ground investigation
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Field investigations
2.3.3 Laboratory tests
2.3.4 Hydrogeological model
2.4 Ground characteristics/parameters
2.4.1 Influence of layering on Young's modulus
2.4.2 Squeezing and swelling ground
2.4.3 Typical ground parameters for tunnel design
2.4.4 Ground (rock mass) classification
2.5 Site investigation reports
2.5.1 Types of site investigation report
2.5.2 Key information for tunnel design
3 Preliminary analyses for the tunnel 59
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Primary stress pattern in the ground
3.3 Stability of soft ground
3.3.1 Stability of fine-grained soils
3.3.2 Stability of coarse-grained soils
3.4 The coefficient of lateral earth pressure (K0)
3.4.1 Lateral pressure in a silo
3.5 Preliminary analytical methods
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Bedded-beam spring method
3.5.3 Continuum method
3.5.4 Tunnel support resistance method
3.6 Preliminary numerical modelling
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Modelling the tunnel construction in 2-D
3.6.3 Modelling the tunnel construction in 3-D
3.6.4 Choice of ground and lining constitutive models
4 Ground improvement techniques and lining systems 77
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Ground improvement and stabilisation techniques
4.2.1 Ground freezing
4.2.2 Lowering of the groundwater table
4.2.3 Grouting
4.2.4 Ground reinforcement
4.2.5 Forepoling
4.2.6 Face dowels
4.2.7 Roof pipe umbrella
4.2.8 Compensation grouting
4.2.9 Pressurised tunnelling (compressed air)
4.3 Tunnel lining systems
4.3.1 Lining design requirements
4.3.2 Sprayed concrete (shotcrete)
4.3.3 Ribbed systems
4.3.4 Segmental linings
4.3.5 In situ concrete linings
4.3.6 Fire resistance of concrete linings
5 Tunnel construction techniques 117
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Open face construction without a shield
5.2.1 Timber heading
5.2.2 Open face tunnelling with alternative linings
5.3 Partial face boring machine (roadheader)
5.4 Tunnelling shields
5.4.1 Examples of shields with partial excavation
5.5 Tunnel boring machines
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 TBMs in hard rock
5.5.3 TBMs in soft ground
5.5.4 Multimode TBMs
5.5.5 Non-circular TBMs
5.6 Drill and blast tunnelling
5.6.1 Introduction
5.6.2 Drilling
5.6.3 Charging
5.6.4 Stemming
5.6.5 Detonating
5.6.6 Ventilation
5.6.7 Mucking and support
5.6.8 Example of drill and blast cycle timings
5.6.9 The Norwegian method of tunnelling (NMT)
5.6.10 Drill and blast versus TBM excavation
5.7 NATM and SCL
5.7.1 New Austrian Tunnelling Method
5.7.2 Sprayed concrete lining
5.7.3 LaserShell™ technique
5.8 Cut-and-cover tunnels
5.8.1 Introduction
5.8.2 Construction methods
5.8.3 Design issues
5.8.4 Excavation support methods (shoring systems) for the sides of the excavation
5.9 Immersed tube tunnels
5.9.1 Introduction
5.9.2 Stages of construction for immersed tube tunnels
5.9.3 Types of immersed tube tunnel
5.9.4 Immersed tube tunnel foundations and settlements
5.9.5 Joints between tube elements
5.9.6 Analysis and design
5.9.7 Examples of immersed tube tunnels
5.10 Jacked box tunnelling
5.10.1 Introduction
5.10.2 Outline of the method and description of key components
5.10.3 Examples of jacked box tunnels
5.11 Pipe jacking and microtunnelling
5.11.1 Introduction
5.11.2 The pipe jacking construction process
5.11.3 Maximum drive length for pipe jacking and microtunnelling
5.11.4 Examples of pipe jacking and microtunnelling projects
5.12 Horizontal directional drilling
5.12.1 Examples of large HDD installations
6 Health and safety, and risk management in tunneling 243
6.1 The health and safety hazards of tunnel construction
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Hazards in tunnelling
6.1.3 Techniques for risk management
6.1.4 Legislation, accidents and ill health statistics
6.1.5 Role of the client, designer and contractors
6.1.6 Ground risk
6.1.7 Excavation and lining methods
6.1.8 Tunnel transport
6.1.9 Tunnel atmosphere and ventilation
6.1.10 Explosives
6.1.11 Fire, flood rescue and escape
6.1.12 Occupational health
6.1.13 Welfare and first aid
6.1.14 Work in compressed air
6.1.15 Education, training and competence
6.1.16 Shafts
6.1.17 Concluding remarks
6.2 Risk management in tunnelling projects
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Risk identification
6.2.3 Analysing risks
6.2.4 Evaluating risks
6.2.5 Risk monitoring and reviewing
7. Ground movements and monitoring 261
7.1 Ground deformation in soft ground
7.1.1 Surface settlement profiles
7.1.2 Horizontal displacements
7.1.3 Long-term settlements
7.1.4 Multiple tunnels
7.2 Effects of tunnelling on surface and subsurface structures
7.2.1 Effect of tunnelling on existing tunnels, buried utilities and piled foundations
7.2.2 Design methodology
7.3 Monitoring
7.3.1 Challenges and purpose
7.3.2 Trigger values
7.3.3 Observational method
7.3.4 In-tunnel monitoring during NATM tunnelling operations
7.3.5 Instrumentation for in-tunnel and ground monitoring
7.3.6 Instrumentation for monitoring of existing structures
8 Case studies 307
8.1 Eggetunnel, Germany
8.1.1 Project overview
8.1.2 Invert failure of the total cross section in the Eggetunnel
8.1.3 Sprayed concrete invert: Its purpose and monitoring
8.2 London Heathrow T5, UK: Construction of the Piccadilly Line Extension Junction
8.2.1 Project overview
8.2.2 The 'Box'
8.2.3 Construction of SCL tunnels
8.2.4 Ground conditions
8.2.5 The LaserShell™ method
8.2.6 TunnelBeamer™
8.2.7 Monitoring
8.3 Lainzer Tunnel LT31, Vienna, Austria
8.3.1 Project overview
8.3.2 Geology
8.3.3 Starting construction from the shafts
8.3.4 Sidewall drift section: Excavation sequence and cross section
8.3.5 Monitoring of SCL of the sidewall drift section
8.3.6 Cracks in SCL
8.4 London Crossrail, UK: Construction of Whitechapel Station and Liverpool Street Station tunnels
8.4.1 Project overview
8.4.2 Whitechapel Station and Valiance Road Crossover
8.4.3 Liverpool Street Station
8.4.4 Logistics
8.4.5 Geology and site investigation
8.4.6 Existing tunnels, buildings and other assets and their protection
8.4.7 Uphill Excavator
8.4.8 The Utilisation method
8.5 Further examples of TBMs and shaft construction
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Gripper TBM (Section 5.5.2)
8.5.3 Single-shield TBM (Section 5.5.2.2)
8.5.4 Double-shield TBM (Section 5.5.2.2)
8.5.5 Slurry TBMs (Section 5.5.3.2)
8.5.6 Earth pressure balance machines (Section 5.5.3.3)
8.5.7 Multimode TBMs (Section 5.5.4)
8.5.8 Shaft construction
References
Appendix A: Further information on rock mass classification systems 395
Appendix B: Analytical calculation of a sprayed concrete lining using the continuum method407
Index 417