Contents
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Abbreviations xvii
Overview 1
Recommended Actions to Build Resilience of the Urban Poor 2
ch. 1 Vulnerable Cities: Assessing Climate Change and Disaster Risk in Urban Centers of the Developing World 7
Introduction and Objective of the Study 7
Background, Analytical Framework, and Approach 9
Climate Change, Disaster Risk, and Urban Areas: Assessing Hazard Risk 12
Efforts to Estimate Exposure in Cities 22
Notes 23
References 23
ch. 2 Vulnerability of the Urban Poor 27
Exposure: Location and Settlement Patterns of the Urban Poor 28
Climate Change, Disaster Risk, and the Delivery of Basic Services for the Urban Poor 38
Other Key Issues Affecting the Vulnerability of the Urban Poor 51
Notes 58
References 59
ch. 3 Building Resilience for the Urban Poor 63
Assessing Risk at the City and Community Levels to Inform Decision Making and Action Planning Integrating Climate Change and Disaster Risk 64
Reduction Policies for the Poor into Urban Planning and Management 70
Contents note continued: Balancing Policy Tradeoffs among Risk Reduction, Urban Development, and Poverty Reduction in Decision Making 76
Strengthening Institutional Capacity to Deliver Basic Services and Reduce Vulnerability to Climate and Disaster Risk 86
Bridging Communities and Local Governments to Work Together on Local Solutions 89
ch. 4 Opening New Finance Opportunities for Cities to Address Pro-poor Adaptation and Risk Reduction 99
Costing Adaptation and Risk Reduction 100
Sources of Financing for Adaptation and Risk Reduction 103
Bringing It All Together 121
Notes 122
References 122
Annex 1 Literature Review 125
Linking Climate Change and DRR 128
Climate Change, DRR, and Urban Poverty 128
Service Delivery and the Urban Poor 129
Housing 131
Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation 132
Finance 134
Gaps in Existing Literature 134
References 135
Annex 2 Efforts to Estimate Exposure in Cities 141
OECD Study on Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes 141
Munich Re's Study on Megacities -Megacities Megarisks 143
GFDRR -Economics of Disaster Risk Reduction 144
Mega-Stress for Mega-Cities: A Climate Vulnerability Ranking of Major Coastal Cities in Asia 144
Earthquake Disaster Risk Index 145
Multi-Hazard City Risk Index (MHCRI) 145
Note 146
References 146
Annex 3 Learning from Project and Program Experiences: Individuals, Community, and Local Government Partnering to Manage Risk 149
Introduction 149
Educate-Good Practices in Knowledge
Sharing and Training 151
Identify -Good Practices in Risk Identification 155
Prepare-Good Practices in Risk Reduction through Early-Warning Systems 158
Mitigate-Good Practices in Risk Reduction through Mitigation 160
Flood Management and Urban Planning 160
Water Supply and Sanitation 163
Wastewater Management and Energy 164
Water Supply and Energy Efficiency 165
Neighborhood Upgrading 166
Job Creation 167
Transfer-Recent Practices in Risk Deflection 168
Recover-Good Practices in Building-Back-Better 170
Lessons Learned and Recommendations 173
Notes 177
References 177
Annex 4 Dar es Salaam Case Study 181
Overview and Key Findings 181
Case Study Summary 186
Reference 197
Annex 5 Jakarta Case Study 199
Overview and key findings 199
Case study summary 204
Notes 215
References 215
Annex 6 Mexico City Case Study 217
Overview and key findings 217
Case study summary 220
Notes 233
References 233
Annex 7 Sao Paulo Case Study 235
Overview and key findings 235
Case study summary 239
Notes 267
References 267
Color section 269
Index 277