Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
About the author xvii
01 Port planning 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Planning procedures 1
1.3. Subsurface investigations 14
1.4. Hydraulic laboratory studies 23
1.5. Life-cycle management 27
1.6. Safety management and risk assessment 28
1.7. The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code and the Container Security Initiative (CSI) 31
References and further reading 36
02 Environmental forces 39
2.1 . General 39
2.2. Wind 39
2.3. Waves 52
2.4. Floating wave breakwater 68
2 .5. Current 71
2.6. Ice forces 79
References and further reading 83
03 Channels and harbour basins 85
3.1 . Channels and waterways 85
3 .2. Harbour basin 90
3 .3 . Anchorage areas 99
3.4. Area of refuge 102
3.5. Grounding areas 103
References and further reading 104
04 Berthing requirements 105
4.1. Operational conditions 105
4.2 . Navigation 109
4.3. Tugboat assistance 117
4.4. Wind and wave restrictions 126
4.5. Ship movements 137
4.6. Passing ships 145
4.7. Visibility 146
4.8. Port regulations 146
4.9. Availability of a berth References and further reading 147 05 Impact from ships 149
5.1. General 149
5.2. The theoretical or kinetic method 149
5.3. The empirical method 157
5.4. The statistical method 157
5.5. Abnormal impacts 158
5.6. Absorption of fender forces 159
5.7. Ship 'hanging' on the fenders 161
References and further reading 162
06 Design considerations 163
6.1. General 163
6.2. Design life 163
6.3. Standards, guidelines and design codes 166
6.4. Load combinations and limit states 168
6.5. . Load and concurrency factors 169
6.6. Material factors and material strength 171
6.7. Characteristic loads from the sea side 171
6.8. Vertical loads on berth structures 171
6.9. Horizontal loads on the berth 173
6.10. Characteristic loads from the land side 178
6.11. Summary of loads acting from the sea side 179
References and further reading 179
07 Safety considerations 181
7 . 1. General 181
7.2 Specification safety 181
7.3. Design safety 181
7.4. Construction safety 185
7.5. Personnel safety 185
7.6. Operational safety 185
7.7. Total safety 186
References and further reading 186
08 Types of berth structures 189
8. 1. General 189
8.2. Vertical loads 191
8.3. Horizontal loads 193
8.4. Factors affecting the choice of structures 199
8.5. Norwegian and international berth construction 203
References and further reading 203
09 Gravity wall structures 205
9.1.General 205
9.2. Block wall berths 205
9.3. Caisson berths 209
9.4. Cell berths 211
References and further reading 222
10 Sheet pile wall structures 223
10.1.General 223
10.2. Driving of steel sheet piles 224
10.3. . Simple anchored sheet pile wall berths 230
10.4. Solid platform berths 234
10.5. Semi-solid platform berth 239
10.6. .Drainage of steel sheet piles 240
10.7. Berth structures in artie conditions 240
References and further reading 240
11 Open berth structures 243
11 .1 . General 243
11.2. Column berths 249
11.3. Pile berths 256
11 .4. Lamella berths 271
11.5. Open berth slabs 272
References and further reading 301
12 Floating berth structures 303
12.1. General 303
12.2. Mooring systems 311
12.3. Floating quays and load levels 321
References and further readi ng 324
13 Berth details 325
13.1. General 325
13.2. Traditional mooring system 325
13.3. Automat ic mooring system 337
13.4. Lighting 340
13.5. Electric power supply 340
13.6. Potable and raw water supply 342
13.7. Water drainage system 342
13.8. Sewage disposal 343
13.9. Oil and fuel interceptors 343
13.10 Access ladders 344
13.11. Handrails and guardrails 344
13.12. Kerbs 345
13.13. Lifesaving equipment 346
13.14. Pavements 346
13.15. Crane rails 354
References and further reading 357
14 Container terminals 359
14.1 . Site location 359
14.2. Existing areas 360
14.3. Container ships 362
14.4. Container terminal areas 365
14.5. Container handling equipment 370
14.6. Container handling systems in the container stacking area 377
14.7. Container berth and terminal area requiremer3ts and capacity 391
14.8. Hinterland 396
14.9. The world's largest container ports 398
References and further reading 398
15 Fenders 399
15.1. G.eneral 399
15.2. Fender requirements 400
15.3. Surface-protecting and energy-absorbing fenders 401
15.4. Different types of fender 406
15.5. Installation 407
15.6 Effects of fender compression 409
15.7. Properties of a fender 412
15.8. Single- and double-fender systems 419
15.9. Fender wall 421
15.10. Hull pressure 424
15.11. Spacing of fenders 425
15.12. Cost of fenders 426
15.13 Damage to fender structures 427
15.14. Calculation examples 429
15.15. Information from fender manufacturers 433
References and further reading 445
16 Erosion protection 447
16.1 General 447
16.2. Erosion due to wave action 451
16.3. Erosion due to the main propeller action 452
16.4. Erosion due to thrusters 455
16.5. The required stone protection layer 458
16.6. Erosion protection systems 459
16.7. Operational guidelines 468
References and further reading 469
11 Steel corrosion 471
17.1. General 471
17.2. Corrosion rate 471
17.3. Astronomical low water corrosion 473
17.4. Corrosion protection systems 473
17.5. Stray current corrosion 479
References and further reading 479
18 Underwater concreting 481
18.1. General 481
18.2. Different methods of underwater concreting 481
18.3. The tremie pipe method 483
18.4. The production of concrete for use in tremie pipes 495
18.5. Anti-washout (AWO) concrete 497
18.6. Damage during construction of new structures 501
18.7. Repairs of new concrete 504
18.8. Concrete plant and supervision References and further reading 508
19 Concrete deterioration 509
19.1. General 509
19.2. Durability of concrete berth structures 510
19.3. Freezing and thawing 511
19.4. Erosion 512
19.5. Chemical deterioration 512
19.6. Corrosion of reinforcement 514
19.7. Resistivity 519
19.8. Condition survey 519
19.9. Concrete cover 521
19.10. Surface treatments 522
19.11. Condition survey 522
19.12. Overloading of the berth structure 523
19.13. In situ quality control 524
References and further reading 524
Concrete maintenance and repair 525
20.1. General 525
20.2. Assessment 526
20.3. Maintenance manual and service inspection 526
20.4. Condition of a structure 527
20.5. Repairs of concrete 528
20.6. Repairs in zone 1 (permanently submerged) 531
20.7. Repairs in zone 2 (tidal zone) 535
20.8 Repairs in zone 3 (the splash zone or the area above
highest astronomical tide (HAT)) 537
20.9 Cathodic protection 542
20.10. Chloride extraction 547
20.11. Cost of repairs 547
References and further reading 548
21 Port maintenance 549
21.1 Responsibility for maintenance 549
21.2. Spares 549
21.3. Management information 549
21.4. Maintenance personnel 550
21.5. Plant and equipment 550
21.6. Infrastructure 551
21.7. Optimisation of design to reduce future maintenance costs 553
21.8. Maintenance management 556
21.9. Maintenance strategy 556
21.10. Inspections 557
21.11. Rating and prioritisation 559
21.12. Condition assessment ratings 559
21.13. Post-event condition ratings 560
21.14. Recommendations and follow-up actions 561
21.15. Repair prioritisation 562
20.16. Maintenance data management 562
References and further reading 563
Ship dimensions 565
22.1. General 565
22.2 . Ship dimensions 565
22.3. Recommended design dimensions 579
22.4. Recommendations 579
References and further reading 565
23 Definitions 597
References and further reading 606
24 Conversion factors 607
24.1 .Length 607
24.2.Speed 607
24.3. Area 607
24.4. Volume 608
24.5. Weight 608
24.6. Force 608
24.7. Force per unit length 608
24.8. Force per unit area 608
24.9. Moment 609
24.10. Temperatures 609
24.11. Useful data 609
Index 611