Contents
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents xi
List of figures xiv
List of tables xvi
1 INTRODUCTION 17
1.1 Background: Ground Water and Sanitation 17
1.2 Contamination of Groundwater due to sanitation systems 19
1.3 Impact of waste water contamination on soil and groundwater 21
2 ABOUT THE RESEARCH 23
2.1 Research Question and Hypothesis 23
2.2 Research Objectives 23
2.3 Research Methodology 24
2.3.1 Library Research 24
2.3.2 Field Research 27
2.4 Limitations of the Study 30
3 BHUJ: GROUND WATER AND SANITATION ASSESSMENT 33
3.1 Climate and Rainfall 33
3.1.1 Lithology, Soil Typology and Groundwater 34
3.2 Geology 37
3.3 Regional Contexts 38
3.4 Geographic Location, Sprawl of the city and Administration 38
3.5 Landuse 39
3.6 Water Supply system 40
3.7 Sanitation system 41
3.8 Site Selection and Sampling 48
3.8.1 Polluted Lakes 49
3.8.2 Soak-Pit Presence 50
3.8.3 Waste Water Irrigated Areas 51
3.8.4 Leakages from the sewage line 52
3.8.5 Control Samples 53
3.9 Sampling Procedure 54
3.9.1 Sample Collection 55
3.9.2 Labelling the samples 55
3.9.3 Sample Conveyance 56
3.9.4 Sample Testing 56
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE SAMPLE TESTS 59
4.1 Polluted Lakes 60
4.1.1 Surface Water Samples 60
4.1.2 Ground Water Samples 62
4.2 Soak Pit Areas 65
4.2.1 Comparison with physical and chemical properties of tube ...........
well water as per IS 10500-2012 65
4.2.2 Correlation of parameters 67
4.3 Waste Water Irrigated Areas 68
4.3.1 Comparison with physical and chemical properties of tube
well water as per IS 10500-2012 68
4.3.2 Correlation of parameters 69
4.4 Leakages from Sewage Lines 70
4.4.1 Comparison with physical and chemical properties of tube
well water as per IS 10500-2012 70
4.4.2 Correlation of parameters 71
4.5 Control Samples 72
4.5.1 Comparison with physical and chemical properties of tube
well water as per IS 10500-2012 72
5 SYNTHESIS OF GROUND WATER QUALITY,
GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS AND LITHOLOGY OF BHUJ 75
5.1 Impact Of Geology And Lithology Of Bhuj On Ground Water Quality . 75
5.2 Key Parameters to Establish Faecal Contamination In Ground Water 78
6 KEY LEARNINGS FROM THE STUDY 81
6.1 Investments required in Bhuj for Efficient Sanitation Systems 82
6.2 Sanitation System guidelines, regulations and policies to contain
ground water contamination 85
6.2.1 Pollution in lakes due to waste water discharge 85
6.2.2 Soak pits and Septic Tanks 86
6.2.3 Waste Water Irrigation Practices 88
6.2.4 Concluding Remarks 89
6.3 Recommendations for controlling ground water contamination 90
7 WAY FORWARD 93
References 94