Contents :
1 Introduction 1
2 Problem Statement 3
2.1 Research Objectives 3
2.2 Research Questions 3
3 Research Methodology 4
3.1 Ahmedabad: The context 4
3.1.1 Demography: 4
3.1.2 Slum Settlements in the City: 5
3.2 Site Selection 5
3.3 Site Description 6
3.3.1 Khodiyar Nagar, Behrampura 6
3.3.2 Sundarvan Na Chapra,Ranip 11
3.4 Data Collection 12
3.5 Respondent Selection 13
3.6 Data Analysis 14
3.7 Scope 14
3.8 Limitations 14
3.9 Ethical considerations 15
4 Literature Review 16
4.1 Gender 16
4.2 Sanitation, Gender, Poverty 16
4.3 Gender based violence and toilet insecurities 18
4.4 Gender disaggregated issues insanitation 19
4.4.1 Participation and Power 20
4.4.2 The Conflict 20
5 Findings and Analysis from field work 22
5.1 Introduction 22
5.2 Time 22
5.2.1 Travel time to the toilet – Longingness for time 23
5.2.2 Waiting time to use the toilet 25
5.2.3 Timings of the toilet blocks 27
5.2.4 Time: No longer lost. 28
5.2.5 Concluding Thoughts on Time 30
5.3 Affordability /Cost 31
5.3.1 The monthly expenditure in accessing a sanitation infrastructure (Pay and Use Toilet in this context) 31
5.3.2 The cost borne by the households in constructing an individual household toilet for themselves. 32
5.3.3 Cost: Money no longer spent- A sense of relief / Concluding thoughts 35
5.4 Safety 35
5.5 Experiences around OD 38
6 Findings/Conclusions: 44
6.1 The second research question has been deciphered under the following themes: 46
6.1.1 Infrastructure Induced Inequalities: 46
6.1.2 Men –The Decision Makers. 46
6.1.3 Caste induced Inequalities: 47
6.2 Conclusions/Recommendations will be discussed under these heads: 47
7 References 54