Contents
Preface xvii
Author xix
Abbreviations xxi
Notations xxv
1 Urbanization Impact on Runoff I
1.1 Impacts on Storm Water Quantity I
1.2 Impacts on Water Quality 3
1.3 NPS Pollutants and Their Impacts 4
1.3.1 Floatables 6
1.3.2 Sediment. 7
1.3.3 Nutrients and Pesticides 9
1.3.4 Heavy Metals 11
1.3.5 Pathogens, Fecal Coliform 11
1.3.6 Road Salt 12
1.3.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 14
1.3.8 Atmospheric Dust l5
1.4 Management of Storm Water Runoff 16
Problems 18
Appendix IA: NRC Report Summary, October 15, 2008 19
References 23
2 Pipe and Open Channel Flow: A Review 25
2.1 Flow Classifications 25
2.2 Energy Equation 25
2.3 Specific Energy; Critical Flow 26
2.3.1 Critical Depth 27
2.3.2 Critical Flow in Rectangular Channels 28
2.3.3 Critical Flow in Trapezoidal Channels 29
2.3.4 Critical Flow in Partly Full Circular Pipes 31
2.4 Normal Depth 34
2.4.1 Chezy Equation 35
2.4.2 Manning Formula 35
2.5 Calculation of Flow Depth 42
2.5.I Circular Sections 42
2.5.2 Trapezoidal Sections 44
2.6 Energy Losses in Pipes and Culverts 50
2.6.1 Friction Losses 50
2.6.2 Local Losses 51
2.6.2.1 Entrance and Exit Losses 52
2.6.2.2 Sudden Expansions or Contractions 53
2.6.2.3 Bend Losses 54
2.6.2.4 Head Loss at Transitions 54
2.6.2.5 Junction Losses 55
2.6.2.6 Losses at Access Holes and Inlets 55
Problems 59
Appendix 2A: Hydraulic Properties of Round and Elliptical Pipes 62
References 66
3 Hydrologic Calculations 67
3.1 Rainfall Process 67
3.1.1 Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves 67
3.1.2 Rainfall Data 73
3.1.3 Rainfall Hyetograph 75
3.2 Initial Abstractions 76
3.2.1 Interception 78
3.2.2 Depression Storage 79
3.3 Infiltration 82
3.3.1 Green-Ampt Model 83
3.3.2 Horton Equation 87
3.3.3 Philip Infiltration Model. 90
3.3.4 Infiltration Indexes 91
3.4 Measurement oflnfiltration and Permeability 92
3.4.1 Infiltrometers 92
3.4.2 Permeameters 93
3.4.3 Soil Gradation Analysis 94
3.5 Hydrographs 96
3.5.1 Time of Concentration Equations and Nomographs 97
3.5.1.1 Kirpich Equation 97
3.5.1.2 Izzard Equation 97
3.5.1.3 KirbyEquation 98
3.5.1.4 Garden State Parkway Nomograph 99
3.5.2 Other Methods of Time of Concentration Calculation 101
3.5.2.1 SCS Method 101
3.5.2.2 FHWA Method 103
3.5.3 Sheet Flow Length Analysis 108
3.6 Runoff Calculation Methods 109
3.6.1 Rational Method 110
3.6.2 Limitations of Rational Method 112
3.6.3 Modified Rational Method 113
3.6.4 SCS TR-55 Method 115
3.6.5 SCS Peak Discharge Calculations 119
3.6.5.1 Graphical Method 119
3.6.5.2 Tabular Method 120
3.6.6 SCS Unit Hydrograph Method 121
3.6.7 Limitations/Drawbacks of TR-55 Method 123
3.6.8 WinTR-55 Method 126
3.7 Universal Runoff Method 131
3.7.1 Lag Time between Rainfall and Runoff 131
3.7.2 Runoff Volume and Discharge from Pervious Surfaces 133
3.7.3 Lag Time and Runoff Equations for Impervious Surfaces 134
3.7.4 Equations for Composite Surfaces 135
3.7.4.1 Universal Runoff Equations for Composite Surfaces 135
3.7.5 Universal Method Application to Nonuniform Rainfall 139
3.8 Storm Water Management Models 140
Problems 141
Appendix 3A: The Sheet Flow Time of Concentration in TR-55 Method: A Commentary 145
Appendix 3B: Snyder Unit Hydrographs 148
Appendix 3C: USGS Nationwide Urban Hydrograph 150
Appendix 3D: USGS Regression Equations for Urban Peak Discharges 151
Appendix 3E: USGS StreamStats Program: A Case Study 152
References 153
Chapter 4 Design of Storm Drainage Systems 155
4.1 Introduction to Roadway Drainage Analysis 155
4.1.1 Gutter Flow 155
4.2 Types of Inlets 160
4.3 Inlet Design 165
4.3.1 Grate Inlets at Grade 165
4.3.2 Curb Opening Inlets 171
4.3.3 Slotted Inlets 172
4.3.4 Combination Inlets 173
4.3.5 New Jersey Inlets 173
4.3.6 Grates on Sag 175
4.4 Inlets Spacing 176
4.5 Inlets on Roadways at 0% Grade 181
4.6 Design of Storm Drains 184
4.7 Hydraulic Design of Culverts 191
4.8 Erosion Control at Outfalls 206
4.8.1 Riprap Aprons 207
4.8.2 Preformed Scour Holes 209
4.9 Drainage Channels 213
4.9.1 Permissible Velocity Concept. 213
4.9.2 Tractive Force Method 215
4.9.3 Bare Soil and Stone Lining 217
4.9.4 Side Slope Stability 219
4.9.5 Grass Lining 221
4.9.6 Manning's Roughness Coefficient Variation with Lining 224
4.9.7 Channel Bends 234
4.9.8 Composite Lining 237
4.10 Other Linings 238
4.10.1 Gabion Baskets and Mattresses 239
4.10.2 Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs) 241
4.10.3 Erosion Control Blankets (ECBs) 242
4.10.4 Properties ofECBs and TRMs 243
4.10.5 Design ofRECP Lined Channels 244
Problems 246
Appendix 4A: Derivation of Gutter Flow Equation 249
Appendix 4B : Derivation of Flow Equations for Inlets on Roadways at 0% Grade 251
Appendix 4C: Hydraulic Design Charts for Inlets 253
Appendix 4D: Critical Flow Charts for Round and Elliptical Pipes 254
Appendix 4E : Permissible Shear Stress of Cohesive Material in HEC-15 255
Appendix 4F: Propex Turf Reinforcement Mats and ArmorMax Properties 256
Appendix 4G: Landlok Erosion Control Blankets and SUPERGRO Properties
by Propex, Inc 260
References 264
Chapter 5 Storm Water Management Regulations 265
5.1 Introduction, Federal Regulations 265
5.1.1 NPDES, Phase I Program 265
5.1.2 NPDES, Phase II Program 266
5.2 An Overview of Current Storm Water Management Regulations 268
5.2.1 EISA Section 438 271
5.3 NJDEP Storm Water Management Regulations 271
5.3.1 Runoff Quantity Requirement. 272
5.3.2 Storm Water Quality Standards 273
5.3.3 Groundwater Recharge Standards 275
5.3.4 Runoff Calculation Methods 278
5.3.5 Standards for Storm Water Management Structures 278
5.3.6 Nonstructural Storm Water Strategies 278
5.3.7 Municipal Storm Water Management Review 279
5.3.8 Suggestions for Improving the NJDEP Regulations 279
5.4 State of Maryland Storm Water Management Regulations 280
5.4.1 Water Quality Volume, WQv 281
5.4.2 Recharge Volume Criteria, Rev 282
5.4.3 Channel Protection Storage Volume Criteria, Cpv 284
5.4.4 Overbank Protection Volume Criteria, QP• 286
5.4.5 Extreme Flood Volume Criteria, Qr 286
5.4.6 BMP Design 286
5.4.7 Environmental Site Design (ESD) 290
5.4.7.1 ESD Storm Water Management Requirements 292
5.4.8 Addressing ESD 294
5.4.8.1 Alternative Surfaces 294
5.4.8.2 Nonstructural Practices 295
5.4.8.3 Microscale Practices 296
5.4.9 Redevelopment 304
5.4.9.1 Introduction 304
5.4.9.2 Redevelopment Policy 304
5.4.10 Special Criteria 305
5.4.10.1 Sensitive Waters 305
5.4.10.2 Wetlands, Waterways, and Critical Areas 306
5.5 State of New York Storm Water Regulations 306
5.5.1 Introduction 306
5.5.2 Water Quality Volume 307
5.5.3 WQv Treatment Practices 308
5.5.4 Stream Channel Protection Volume Requirement (Cpy) 309
5.5.5 Overbank Flow Control Criteria (QP) 311
5.5.6 Extreme Flood Control Criteria (Qr) 312
5.5.7 Downstream Analysis 313
5.5.8 Conveyance System Design Criteria 314
5.5.9 Storm Water Hotspots 315
5.5.10 Redevelopment Projects 316
5.5.11 Enhanced Phosphorus Removal Standards 316
Problems 316
Appendix 5A: NJDEP-Approved TSS Removal Rate for Vegetated Filter Strips ... 318 5A.1 Required Filter Strip Length 318
Appendix 5B: Maryland's Reduced Curve Numbers for ESD Sizing Requirement 321
References 323
Chapter 6 Manufactured Water Treatment Devices 325
6.1 An Overview 325
6.2 Certification of Water Quality Devices 327
6.2.1 NJCAT Certification 328
6.3 Types of Manufactured Devices 332
6.3.1 Catch Basin Inserts 332
6.3.2 Hydrodynamic Separation Water Quality Devices 337
6.3.3 Media Filtration Water Quality Devices 343
6.4 Bioretention Cells 350
Problems 362
Appendix 6A: Verification of Terre Kleen by EPA and NSF 363
6A.1 Technology Description 363
6A.2 Verification Testing Description 364
6A.2.1 Methods and Procedures 364
6A.3 Verification of Performance 365
6A.3.1 Test Results 365
6A.3.2 System Operation 366
6A.3.3 Quality Assurance/Quality Control. 366
6A.3.4 Note for This Revision 366
6A.3.5 Availability of Supporting Documents 367
Appendix 6B: NJCAT 2013 Procedure: Appendix A-MID Verification Process 368
Appendix 6C: NJDEP Certification Letter for Filterra Bioretention Systems,
Formerly a Division of Americast, Inc. Now a Part of Contech 370
Appendix 6D: Dimension and Capacity of CDS Models 372
References 373
7 Structural Storm Water Management Systems 375
7.1 Detention Basins/Wet Ponds 375
7.1.1 Flow Routing through Detention Basins 377
7.1.2 Outlet Structure Design 379
7.1.2.1 Orifice 379
7.1.2.2 Rectangular Weir 379
7.1.2.3 Triangular Weir 380
7.1.2.4 Cipolleti Weir 381
7.1.2.5 Broad-Crested Weir 382
7.1.2.6 Overflow Grates 387
7.1.2.7 Stand Pipes 383
7.1.2.8 Hydro-Brake, Fluidic-Cone 383
7.1.2.9 Thirsty Duck 383
7.2 Preliminary Sizing of Detention Basins 386
7.2.1 Rational and Modified Rational Methods Estimation 386
7.2.2 SCS TR-55 Method Estimation 387
7.2.3 Universal Method of Storage Volume Estimation 388
7.2.4 Adjusting Detention Storage Volume Estimation 388
Extended Detention Basins 392
Underground Detention Basins 411
7.4.1 Solid and Perforated Pipes 412
7.4.2 Chambers 415
7.4.3 Plastic and Concrete Vaults 420
7.5 Water Treatment Structures 440
7.5.1 Vegetative Swales 440
7.5.2 Sand Filters 442
7.6 Infiltration Basins 448
7.7 Retention -Infiltration Basins 459
7.7.1 Dry Wells 459
Problems 474
References 477
Chapter 8 Newer Trends in Storm Water Management (Green Infrastructure) 479
8.1 Introduction/Source Reduction/Control 479
8.1.1 Introduction 479
8.1.2 Source Reduction 479
8.1.3 Source Control. 480
8.1.4 Source Reduction Benefits 481
8.2 Low-Impact Development 482
8.3 Smart Growth 483
8.4 Green Infrastructure 484
8.5 LEED and Green Buildings 485
8.6 Porous Pavements 488
8.6.1 Open Cell Paving Grids 488
8.6.2 Porous Asphalt 489
8.6.3 Pervious Concrete 493
8.6.4 Glass Pave 495
8.6.5 Concrete Pavers 495
8.6.6 Open Cell Pavers 500
8.6.7 Nonconcrete Pavers 502
8.7 Green Roofs 505
8.7.1 Green Roof Construction 505
8.7.2 Storm Water Management Analysis of Green Roofs 508
8.8 Blue Roofs 511
8.9 Storm Water Wetlands 511
8.10 Subsurface Gravel Wetlands 514
8.11 Filter Strips 516
8.11.1 Application 516
8.11.2 Design Criteria 519
8.12 Bioretention Basins, Swales, and Cells 520
8.12.1 Bioretention Basins 521
8.12.2 Bioswales 522
8.12.3 Bioretention Cells 523
8.13 RainGardens 525
8.14 Cost Effectiveness of BMPs 530
8.15 Other Nonstructural Measures 531
8.15.1 Common (General) Measures 531
8.15.2 Clustered Developments 532
8.16 Minimal Impact Developments 532
8.17 Storm Water Fees 537
Problems 538
Appendix 8A: Drivable Grass® Technical Specification Guide 540
References 543
9 Installation, Inspection, and Maintenance of Storm Water
Management Systems 545
9.1 Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Measures 545
9.2 Installation of Pipes 545
9.2.1 Round Reinforced Concrete Pipes 547
9.2.2 Elliptical Concrete Pipes 551
9.2.3 Prestressed Concrete Pipes 551
9.2.4 Concrete Box Culverts 554
9.2.5 HDPE Pipes 554
9.2.6 Dewatering 559
9.3 Watertight Joints 561
9.3.1 Pipe Joints 561
9.3.2 Pipe Connection to Manhole/Inlet 563
9.3.3 Infiltration/Exfiltration Testing 565
9.4 Construction of Detention Basins/Ponds 565
9.4.1 Detention Basins 565
9.4.2 Infiltration Basins 566
9.4.3 WetPonds 567
9.4.4 Grass Swales 567
9.4.5 Dry Wells and Infiltration Chambers 568
9.4.6 Outlet Structures 569
9.5 Slope Stabilization 570
9.6 Inspection and Maintenance 571
9.6.1 Objectives of Inspection and Maintenance 571
9.6.2 Maintenance of Vegetative and Paved Areas 573
9.6.2.1 Lawns/Landscapes 573
9.6.2.2 Pavements 574
9.6.3 Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage Systems 574
9.6.3.1 Restoration of Grass- and Riprap-Lined Swales 574
9.6.3.2 Snow and Ice Removal 575
9.6.3.3 Removal of Sediment and Floatables from Drainage
Systems 575
9.6.3.4 Control of Potential Mosquito Breeding Habitats 575
9.6.4 Maintenance of Ponds/Detention Basins 57
9.6.4.1 Algae and Weed Control. 575
9.6.4.2 Underground Detention Basins 576
9.6.4.3 Wet Ponds 576
9.6.4.4 Outlet Structures 576
9.6.5 Maintenance of Water Treatment Devices 577
9.6.5.1 Catch Basin Inserts 577
9.6.5.2 Manufactured Water Treatment Devices 577
9.6.6 Repair of Storm Water Management Facilities 577
9.6.7 Neglect in Maintenance 579
9.7 Inspection, Operation, and Maintenance Manual 579
Problems 586
Appendix 9A: Installation Of HDPE Pipe by Advanced Drainage System (ADS)...587 9A.1 Backfill Envelope Construction 587
9A.2 Backfill Placement. 588
9A.3 Mechanical Compaction Equipment 588
9A.4 Joints 589
9A.5 Construction and Paving Equipment. 589
9A.6 Joining Different Pipe Types or Sizes 589
9A.7 Curvilinear Installations 590
9A.8 Vertical Installations 590
9A.9 Steep Slope Installations 590
9A.10 Cambered Installations 591
9A.11 Sliplining 591
Appendix 9B: Installation Guidelines For Armormax 592
Appendix 9C: Construction Inspection Checklist : An Overview 596
9C.1 Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Measures 596
9C.2 Excavation 596
9C.3 Pipe Installation 596
9C.3.1 Trenching 596
9C.3.2 Pipe Laying 596
9C.3.3 Manholes/Inlets 596
9C.3.4 Backfilling 596
9C.3.5 Repairs 597
9C.4 Site Restoration 597
Appendix 9D: General Specifications for Maintenance of FloGard+Plus
Catch Basin Insert Filters 598
References 599
10 Water Conservation and Reuse 601
10.1 Trends in Supply and Demand 601
10.2 Water Conservation 602
10.3 Indoor Conservation 603
10.3.1 Residential Buildings 603
10.3.2 Urinals in Nonresidential Buildings 605
10.3.3 Other Indoor Saving Tips 606
10.3.4 Economy of Water-Saver Fixtures 606
10.4 Outdoor Conservation 607
10.4.1 An Overview 607
10.4.2 Conservation of Outdoor Water Use: A Summary 612
10.4.3 Other Water Conservation Measures 613
10.5 Water Reuse 613
10.5.1 Wastewater Reuse 616
10.5.2 Recycled Wastewater Market 617
10.5.3 Reuse of Grey Water 619
10.5.4 Treatment of Wastewater and Grey Water 620
10.6 Reuse of Rainwater and Storm Water Runoff 621
10.6.1 Quantity of Urban Runoff 623
10.7 Rainwater Harvesting 625
10.7.1 Harvesting Roof Rain 626
10.7.2 Problems with Rain Barrels 630
10.8 Suggested Actions for Widespread Conservation and Reuse 631
10.8.1 Public Education 631
10.8.2 Task Force 63I
I0.8.3 Reaching Out 63I
I0.8.4 Reward 63I
I0.8.5 Block Programs 63I
I0.8.6 Enforcement 63I
10.8.7 Pilot Projects 63I
10.8.8 Organizations/Alliances for Water Reuse 632
I 0.8.9 Benefits of Water Conservation and Reuse 632
Problems 633
Appendix I OA: List of Programs and Nonprofit Organizations for Water
Conservation and Reuse 634
10 A.I Water Conservation 634
10 A.2 Water Conservation and Reuse-Nonprofit Organizations 634
Appendix I OB: EPA 20I2 Guidelines for Water Reuse 636
References 639
Glossary 64I
Appendix A: System International (SI) 65I
Appendix B: Unified Soil Classification System and Nominal Sizes of Coarse and Fine Aggregates 655
Index 663