CONTENTS
Acknowledgements v
Abstract vi
List of figures vii
List of tables ix
List of Abbreviations x
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Overview 1
1.2. Defining Food, Water and Energy Security 2
1.2.1. Food Security 2
1.2.2. Water Security 2
1.2.3. Energy Security 2
1.3. Need fo Study 2
1.4. Aim 3
1.5. Objective 3
1.6. Methodology 4
2. Literature Review 7
2.1. Current Issues in Managing Food-Water-Energy Security 7
2.2. Highlighting Importance of Water 8
2.2.1. Defining Water Security 9
2.3. Importance of Water Infrastructure 9
2.4. Linking the Water Security to Sustainable Development Goal 10
2.5. Water Security Indicators and Index 11
2.6. Key Findings and Research Gap 12
3. Study Area Selection 13
3.1. Introduction 13
3.2. Study Area Selection Methodology 14
3.3. Gujarat Water Sceanrio 14
3.3.1. Saurashtra Water Woes 15
3.4. Vulnerable Districts of Gujarat 15
3.5. Identifying the Most Vulnerable District 16
3.5.1. Parameters for Selecting Most Vulnerable District 17
3.6. Preliminary Data Collection for Study Area Selection 19
3.7. Final Rank of Most Vulnerable District 20
3.8. The Most Vulnerable District in Gujarat 21
3.9. Surendrangar District- Profile 21
3.9.1. Introduction 21
3.9.2. Location, Extent and Accessibility 22
3.9.3. Soil 22
3.9.4. Irrigation 22
3.9.5. Temperature 23
3.9.6. Humidity 23
3.9.7. Wind 23
3.9.8. Rainfall 23
3.9.9. Drainage 24
4. Data Collection and Analysis 25
4.1. Socio-Economic Data 27
4.1.1. Demographics 27
4.1.2. Land Utilisation Pattern 28
4.1.3. Work force Participation 29
4.1.4. Occupational Pattern 30
4.1.5. Distribution of Workers across Industrial Categories 30
4.1.6. Distribution of Cultivators 31
4.1.7. Percentage Change in Agriculture workers 31
4.2. Agricultural Data 32
4.2.1. Operational Land Holding 32
4.2.2. Cropping Pattern 33
4.2.3. Yield of Major Crops in Kg/Ha 34
4.2.4. Irrigation Scenario 36
4.2.5. Area under Micro Irrigation 38
4.3. Hydrological Data 39
4.3.1. Rainfall in Surendranagar District 39
4.4. GWL 2014-2016 40
4.4.1. May 2014 41
4.4.2. Aug 2014 41
4.4.3. November 2014 44
4.4.4. January 2015 44
4.4.5. May 2015 47
4.4.6. August 2015 47
4.4.7. November 2015 50
4.4.8. January 2016 50
4.4.9. Mean GWL Post Monsoon (2006-2015) 53
4.4.10. Mean Pre- Monsoon GWL (2006-15) 53
4.5. Developing the Taluka wise Water Security Index 56
4.5.1. Mean Decadal GWL Fluctuation 57
4.5.2. Percentage Dependency on Ground Water for Irrigation 59
4.5.3. Percentage Dependency on Groundwater for Drinking Purpose 61
4.5.4. Access to Safe Drinking Water 63
4.5.5. Percentage Population Having Access to Improved Sanitation 65
4.5.6. Water Quality Index 67
4.5.7. Water Use Efficiency 70
4.6. Overall Water Security Index for Surendranagar District 72
4.6.1. WSI for Halvad Taluka 75
4.6.2. WSI for Dhrangdhara Taluka 75
4.6.3. WSI for Dasada Taluka 76
4.6.4. WSI for Lakhtar Taluka 76
4.6.5. Water Security Index for Muli 77
4.6.6. WSI for Wadhwan 78
4.6.7. WSI for Chotila 78
4.6.8. WSI for Sayla 79
4.6.9. WSI for Chuda 79
4.6.10. WSI for Limbdi 80
4.7. Surendranagar- Critical Talukas 80
4.8. Site Visit 81
4.8.1. Surendranagar City 81
4.8.2. Nalsarovar Lake 81
4.8.3. Dasada Taluka and Kharaghoda 82
4.8.4. Sayla Taluka 83
4.8.5. Chotila Taluka 84
4.8.6. Surendranagar District 84
4.9. Linking the Secondary Data with Site Visit 84
5. Water Security Framework and Mitigation Measures 86
5.1. Water Security Sustainable Management Framework 86
5.1.1. Sustainable water supplies for future 86
5.1.2. Ensuring safe water for all 87
5.1.3. Ensuring Water Quality and Ecosystem Protection 87
5.1.4. Ensuring Water infrastructure safely meets the demand 88
5.1.5. Flood and Famine Protection Measures 88
5.1.6. Ensuring adequate information, effective communication and public contribution 89
5.2. Mitigation Measures 90
5.2.1. Improving Water Storage 90
5.2.2. Improving Canal Irrigation 90
5.2.3. Improved Irrigation Technologies 91
5.2.4. Rain water Reaping 91
5.2.5. Desalination 91
5.2.6. Waste water Reuse 91
5.2.7. Improving Rain fed Agriculture 92
6. Conclusion 93
References 95
Annexures 97
Site Selection Parameters 97
Water Quality Index 98