CONTENTS
Undertaking i
Certificate iii
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of contents ix
List of figures xv
List of tables xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Calibration of Simulation Models 3
1.3 Classification of Calibration Approaches 4
1.4 Applications of Calibrated Simulation Models 7
1.5 Calibration Objectives, Scale, and Accuracy 9
1.6 Reasons for Performance Gap 11
1.7 Motivation for the Study 13
1.8 Research Hypothesis 14
1.9 Research Question 14
1.10 Research Objectives 15
1.11 Research Scope and Limitations 15
1.12 Dissertation Structure 16
2 Literature Review 17
2.1 Manual Calibration Case Studies 17
2.2 Automated Calibration Case Studies 21
2.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis with Optimization Algorithms 21
2.2.2 Calibration using Bayesian Approach 28
2.2.3 Supercomputing and Machine Learning Algorithms 30
2.2.4 Other Calibration Approaches 33
2.2.5 Uncertainty Estimation 35
2.3 Using Additional Building Measurements for Calibration 38
2.4 Research Gaps 44
2.5 Research Contribution 45
3 Research Methodology 46
3.1 Calibration Approach 46
3.2 Methodology Overview 49
3.2.1 Estimation Methods 50
3.2.2 Calibration Framework 52
3.2.3 Application to Demonstration Buildings 58
3.3 Building Information 60
3.3.1 Building A – Net Zero Energy Building, Ahmedabad 60
3.3.2 Building B – Commercial Building, Hyderabad 65
3.3.3 Building C – Laboratory Building (Testbed), Ahmedabad 69
4 Estimation of Outdoor Air Exchange Rates from Measurements 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 Methodology 76
4.2.1 Estimation Approach 76
4.2.2 Estimation Methods 77
4.2.3 Calculation of Simulation Inputs 87
4.3 Estimation Framework 91
4.4 Application of Method to Building A 96
4.4.1 Measurements 96
4.4.2 Estimation Method 97
4.4.3 Estimates 103
4.4.4 Validation Experiments 108
4.5 Application of Method to Building B 111
4.5.1 Measurements 111
4.5.2 Estimation Method 112
4.5.3 Estimates 113
4.6 Summary 116
5 Estimation of Envelope Properties from Measurements 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Methodology 123
5.2.1 Estimation Approach 124
5.2.2 Estimation Methods 124
5.2.3 Calculation of Simulation Inputs 130
5.3 Estimation Framework 133
5.4 Application of Method to Building C 136
5.4.1 Measurements 137
5.4.2 Estimation Method 138
5.4.3 Estimates 140
5.4.4 Validation Experiments 142
5.5 Application of Method to Building A 143
5.5.1 Measurements 144
5.5.2 Estimation Method 145
5.5.3 Estimates 145
5.6 Summary 147
6 Estimation of HVAC Parameters from Measurements 151
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 Methodology 152
6.2.1 Estimation Approach 153
6.2.2 Estimation Methods 153
6.2.3 Calculation of Simulation Inputs 159
6.3 Estimation Framework 162
6.4 Application of Method to Building A 166
6.5 Application of Method to Building B 168
6.6 Summary 172
7 Estimation of Occupancy from Measurements 174
7.1 Introduction 174
7.2 Methodology 176
7.2.1 Estimation Approach 176
7.2.2 Estimation Methods 177
7.2.3 Calculation of Simulation Inputs 180
7.3 Estimation Framework 182
7.4 Application of Method in Building A 184
7.4.1 Measurements 185
7.4.2 Estimation Method 185
7.4.3 Estimates 187
7.5 Application of Method in Building B 189
7.5.1 Measurements 189
7.5.2 Estimation Method 189
7.5.3 Estimates 191
7.6 Summary 193
8 Calibrated Simulation Models of Demonstration Buildings 195
8.1 Calibration of Building A 195
8.1.1 Calibration Details 196
8.1.2 Calibration Results 196
8.1.3 Relative Importance of Estimated Parameters 200
8.2 Calibration of Building B 203
8.2.1 Calibration Details 204
8.2.2 Calibration Results 205
8.2.3 Relative Importance of Estimated Parameters 209
8.3 Calibration of Building C 211
8.3.1 Calibration Details 212
8.3.2 Calibration Results 212
9 Conclusions and Future Research 214
9.1 Summary and Conclusions 214
9.2 Future Research 226
References ccxxviii
Appendix 1: Simulation Inputs of Demonstration Buildings ccxlviii