CONTENTS
Abstract i
Acknowledgements iii
Contents v
List of figures ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Thesis statement 2
1.2 Introduction to the site 2
1.3 Issues at the site 4
1.3.1 Size of mines 4
1.3.2 Halting of illegal mining 4
1.3.3 Management of waste disposal (slurry and tailings) 4
1.3.4 Abandoned mines are not made usable 4
1.4 Aim 4
1.5 Objectives 4
1.6 Research methodology 5
1.7 Scope and limitations 7
1.8 Expected outcome 7
2 Quarry 9
2.1 Quarry vs mine 9
Mining is divided into two major types 9
2.1.1 Surface mining: 9
2.2 History of quarrying 9
3 Theories related to post mining 11
3.1 What are open cast mines? 11
3.2 Post-mining scenario 11
3.3 Reclamation of open cast mine sites 12
3.4 Aim, importance, and necessity of reclamation 12
3.5 Changes in environment due to wounded landscapes 14
4 Marble 17
4.1 What is marble? 17
4.2 How does marble forms? 17
4.3 Classification of marble 18
4.4 Marble in India 19
4.5 Mining and processing 20
5 Study region 25
5.1 Introduction to the region 25
5.2 History of Makrana 26
5.3 Defining the region 29
6 Natural layers 31
6.1 Climate of the area 31
6.2 Landuse 33
6.3 Soil map 35
6.4 Geomorphology 36
6.5 Drainage 37
6.6 Slope and elevation 39
6.7 Vegetation 40
6.7.1 Flora 41
6.7.2 Crop pattern 41
6.7.3 Fauna 42
7 Impact of marble quarries 43
7.1 General 43
7.2 Impacts on the environement 44
7.3 Impact on soil and land use: 45
7.4 Impacts on water resources 46
7.5 Impact on water quality 47
7.6 Impact on air quality and noise level 47
7.7 Impact on flora and fauna 47
7.8 Impact on socio economy 48
7.9 Impact on civic amenities 48
7.10 Impact on health and safety 48
7.11 Impact on aesthetics 49
7.12 Impact on human settlements and historic buldings 49
8 Case studies 51
8.1 Gingko Mineral sand mines, Australia 51
8.1.1 Location 51
8.1.2 Background and reasons for reclamation 52
8.1.3 Planning and rehabilitation 52
8.1.4 Challenges 52
8.1.5 Innovations by the team 53
8.1.6 Conclusion 53
8.2 Flambeau mine, Wisconsin, United states 54
8.2.1 Location 54
8.2.2 History 54
8.2.3 Project and reclamation 55
8.3 Phosphate mine reclamation, Florida, United States 56
8.3.1 Location 56
8.3.2 During mining 56
8.3.3 During reclamation 56
9 Proposal 59
9.1 What is lost? 59
9.2 Why reclamation? 65
9.3 Detailed analysis and proposal modules 66
9.4 ZONE A ( Borawar area) 67
9.4.1 Existing sections 68
9.4.2 Proposal module for Zone A (during reclamation) 69
9.4.3 Proposals for Zone A and Zone B 69
9.5 ZONE B (Makrana city) 71
9.5.1 Existing sections 73
9.5.2 Proposals for Zone B 74
9.6 Post mining reclamation scenario (20 years after) 76
9.7 Proposal guidelines on regional level 76
9.8 Phases for future abandoned mines and its inference 77
10 Conclusion 79
10.1 Guidelines and policies 79
Bibliography 81