CONTENTS
Certificate of original authorship i
Certificate of Dissertation Advisor’s consent iii
Acknowledgments vii
Abstract ix
List of figures xi
List of tables xv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Need of the study 1
1.3 Landslide 3
1.4 RApid Mass MovementS (RAMMS) 5
1.5 Differential Interferometry SAR for Landslide analysis 6
1.6 Aim 7
1.7 Objectives 7
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Landslide and Slope stability 8
2.2 Classification of Landslides 8
2.3 Landslide studies and application of its techniques 10
2.4 Rainfall Threshold 11
2.5 Intensity based duration threshold 11
2.6 RAMMS Modelling 13
2.6.1 RAMMS::DEBRIS FLOW 13
2.6.2 RAMMS::ROCKFALL 14
2.7 SAR Studies 17
2.7.1 SAR basics 17
2.7.2 Imaging Geometry of SAR 18
2.7.3 Explanation of Differential SAR Interferometry 19
3 STUDY AREA 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Geology 22
3.3 Geomorphology 23
3.4 Drainage 24
3.5 Road Network 24
3.6 Soil 25
3.7 Climate 25
3.8 Vegetation 25
4 DATA AND METHODOLOGY 26
4.1 Introduction 26
4.2 Data 26
4.2.1 Landslide Data 26
4.2.2 RAMMS Data 28
4.2.3 DInSAR 30
4.3 Methodology 31
4.4 Scientific Instrument used 32
4.5 Softwares used 33
5 DEVELOPMENT OF RAINFALL THRESHOLD MODELLING FOR LANDSLIDE INITIATION 34
5.1 Introduction 34
5.2 Methodology 34
5.3 Dynamic antecedent rainfall threshold (DART) model 36
5.3.1 Lambagarh 36
5.3.2 Joshimath 37
5.3.3 Pipalkoti 37
5.3.4 Badrinath 38
5.4 Development of I-D Threshold Equation 39
5.5 GPM processing Arcpy tool 40
5.6 CPC data processing code 40
6 RApid Mass MovementS (RAMMS) 41
6.1 Introduction 41
6.2 RAMMS::DEBRIS FLOW – Results and Discussion 41
6.2.1 Frictional Parameters 42
6.2.2 Overview 42
6.2.3 Longitudinal Profiles 43
6.3 RAMMS::ROCKFALL - Discussion 46
6.3.1 Impact on Kinetic energy 46
6.3.2 Overview 48
6.3.3 Longitudinal Profiles 49
7 DIFFERENTIAL INTERFEROMETRIC SAR 52
7.1 Introduction 52
7.2 Step by step outputs 52
7.2.1 Baseline 52
7.2.2 Interferogram generation 53
7.2.3 Adaptive filter and Coherence generation 53
7.2.4 Phase Unwrapping 54
7.2.5 Geocoded Unwrapped Phase 57
7.2.6 Explanation 58
8 CONCLUSION 60
References 61
Appendix 1: Codes 65
1. GPM ArcPy Processing tool 65
2. CPC Fortran Processing Code 66
Appendix 2: GPM data 68
1. GPM-2017 68
2. GPM-2016 82