CONTENTS
Abstract v
Acknowledgements vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables xi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1.1Objectives 2
1.1.2 Hypothesis 2
1.2 Problem Definition 3
Chapter 2 Water Demand Management 5
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Definitions and Terminology 5
2.1.2 Prospects and challenges in application 8
2.1.3 Metering and Pricing 10
2.2 Managing Supply: Water Loss Control. 11
2.3-2. Pressure Management 13
2.3-4. Other Measures 14
Chapter 3 GIS in Water Distribution Modelling 17
3.1 Water Distribution Networks 17
3.2 Modelling Water Distribution 18
3.3 Introduction to GIS 20
3.4 GIS and Hydraulic modelling 21
Chapter 4 Building a Model from GIS data, Managua case study 23
4.1 Case Study of Managua City 23
4.2 ENA CAL- Managua Water Utility 25
4.2.1 Demand 27
4.2.2 Supply 27
4.3 Model Parameters 36
Chapter 5 Modeling the Managua Distribution Network 39
5.1 Modelling Leakage 39
leakage assessment. 39
5.1.1 Demand Based Lekage assessment 39
5.1.2 Pressure based leakage assessment 39
5.2 Model Calibration 42
5.2.2 Network Leakage Calibration 42
5.2.3 Network Pressures Calibration 47
5.3 Functioning of the System 49
5.3.1 Managua I 50
5.3.2 Managua II 51
5.3.3 Las Mercedes 52
5.3.4 Asososca Lake 53
5.3.5 Ciudad Sandino Municipality 55
5.4 Pressures Levels 56
Chapter 6 Developing a strategy for Water Demand Management 59 - 76
Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 81
Chapter 8 References 83
Appendices 87