CONTENTS
Foreword v
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
Disclaimer xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations
1. Implications of Climate Change 1
Introduction
History of Concern for Climate Change
Effect and Economic Consequences of Climate Change at Global Level
India’s Concern
Solutions to the Climate Change Problem
2. Global Efforts and Mechanisms to Cope with Climate Change 9
Efforts
Kyoto Protocol
Other Provisions of Kyoto Protocol
Voluntary Mechanism: The Other Approach
3. Forestry and Climate Change 19
Link Between Climate Change and GHG Emissions
Carbon Stock of Indian Forest
Contributions of Forestry
Role of Forest in Fight Against Climate Change
Global Fight Against Climate Change with Forestry Projects
Classification of Forestry Projects—on Scale
Simplified Procedure for Small-scale Projects
Scope of Forestry Projects in Kyoto Protocol
Crediting Period
4. Voluntary Mechanisms for Forestry Carbon Projects 35
Importance of Voluntary Carbon Market
Some Important Voluntary Committed Markets
Over-the-counter Market
5. Formulation of Forestry Carbon Projects for CDM or Voluntary Markets 43
Forestry Projects Under Clean Development Mechanism
Development of Forestry Carbon Project under Voluntary Mechanism
Conclusion
6. Economics of Forestry Carbon Projects 57
Economic Aspect of Forestry Projects
Working the Economics of Forestry Carbon Project and Assessing their Viability
Using Economics to Assess Feasibility
Forestry Carbon Projects and Associated Costs
Conclusion
7. Financial Aspects of Forestry Carbon Projects 71
Why Forest Carbon Projects Need Financing?
What the Financing Should Attempt at?
Typical Financial Needs of Forestry Carbon Project
Financial Characteristics of Forestry Carbon Projects
Meeting Requirements of Finance at the Country Level
Barriers to Financing Forestry Carbon Projects
Attracting Finances
Who all are Interested in Investing in Forestry Carbon Projects?
Financial Risk and Analysis Related to Forestry Carbon Projects
Conclusion
8. Marketing Aspects of Forestry Carbon Projects 95
Science of Climate Change and Business of Carbon
Understanding the Carbon Markets
Marketing of Forestry Carbon Projects for CERS/VERS
General Status of Carbon Markets
Another Estimate of Forestry Carbon Market
Pricing of Carbon Credits
Forest Carbon Price and its Implications for Forest Management
Promotions for Marketing of Carbon Credits
Future of Global Carbon Market
Forestry Carbon Projects—Their Status and Future
9. Livelihood Issues in Forestry Carbon Projects 125
Climate Change and Livelihood
Forest Carbon Projects and their Benefits for Local People
Forest Carbon Projects and Sustainable Livelihoods: Provisions and the Role of Standards
Guidelines for Forestry Carbon Projects to Address
Livelihood Issues
10. Policy and Legal Aspects of Forestry Carbon Projects 137
Background
The Broad Picture through Policy and Legal Framework and Forestry Carbon Projects
Possible Issues of Contention: Addressing Problem of Non-compliance in Kyoto Protocol
International Regulations
Required Legislations
Some Preventive and Pre-emptive Steps: Anticipating Regulatory Barriers
Other Sources of Disputes
Managing with these Legal Complications
11. Forestry Carbon Projects and Biodiversity Conservation 151
Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity
Mitigation Strategies of Climate Change Effects on Biodiversity
Presumptive Impacts of CDM on Biodiversity
Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation Projects
12. Adapting to Climate Change: Role of Forests and the Forestry Sector 157
Imperative for Adaptation Strategies in the Forestry Sector
Basic Concepts: Impacts, Vulnerability, and Adaptation in the Context of Forestry
Impact, Vulnerability, and Adaptive Capacity of Indian Forests and Forestry Sector
Framing Adaptive Responses and Enhancing Capacity of Forests and Forestry Sector
Synergy Between Adaptation and Mitigation in Forestry Sector
Ensuring Good Adaptation Practices in Forestry Sector
13. Future Opportunities for Indian Forestry Sector: The Post-2012 Scenario 167
Developmental Imperatives for India: Emerging Issues and Scenarios
Emergence of REDD
Development without Deforestation
“REDD” Path of Climate Change: The Direction for the Future
Global Efforts to Shape REDD
Better Forest Management: A Win–Win Solution
Benefits of Ecosystem-based Approaches
Potential Trade-offs: Winners and Losers
The Governance Challenge
Conclusion