Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements xi
1.Status of Forest Resources: World and India
Introduction to Forest Resources 1
Role of Forest Resources 2
Status of Global Forest Resources 3
Forests by Use 13
Growing Stocks and Change in Forests 14
Status of Forest Resources in India 14
Deforestation and Forest Degradation 27
Drivers of Forest Cover Change 29
Conservation of Forests 31
Conclusion 36
2. Sustainability and Forestry 37
Sustainability and Forest Management 37
Genesis of Sustainable Forest Management 38
Essentials for Achieving Sustainable Forest Management 49
Global Trends Towards Sustainable Forest Management 53
Trends in Forest Resources of India 59
Conclusion 60
3. Management of Forests in India: A Historical Perspective 63
Forests in Ancient India 63
Emergence of Scientific Forest Management 64
Forest Management in Independent India 66
Criteria and Indicators Approach to Sustainable Forestry 68
Capacity Building for Implementing Sustainable Forest Management 75
Finance for Implementing Sustainable Forest Management 76
Learnings from Criteria and Indicators Approach to Sustainable Forest Management in India 76
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority 78
Conclusion 79
4.Essentials of Forest Certification: Concept, Evolution, Elements, and Process 81
Meaning of Eco-labels 81
Evolution of Forest Certification 86
Relevance,Objectives and Benefits of Forest Certification 89
Forest Certification Process 95
Conclusion 110
5.Forest Certification Schemes
Introduction to Forest Certification Schemes 113
Types of Forest Certification Schemes 114
Choosing a Certification Scheme 133
Phased Approach to Forest Certification 134
Convergence of Different Certification Schemes 135
Forest Certification Initiatives in India 142
Conclusion 143
6.Extent of Forest Certification and Certified Timber Market 145
Extent of Forest Certification 145
The Growth in Chain-of-custody Certifications 153
Forest Certification in India 155
Certified Timber Market Research 163
Conclusion 165
An Overview of Non-timber Forest Products 167
International Trade in Non-timber Forest Products and Emergence of Certification Initiatives 168
ISSC-MAP Initiative by WWF, TRAFFIC, IUCN, BfN,
and Fairwild Foundation 176
Challenges in Non-timber Forest Product Certification 197
Opportunities for Non-timber Forest Product Certification199
Conclusion 202
8. Framework for Forest Certification in India 205
Need for Forest Certification in India 205
Current Status of Forest Certification in India 210
Developing a National Forest Certification Scheme in India 214
Framework for Forest Certification in India-Indian Forest Certification Council 216
Forest Stewardship Council Standards Development Group India 219
New working plan code 2014 219
Conclusion 220
Stakeholder Expectations and Economics of Forest Certification 223
Key Stakeholders and their Expectations in Certification Process 223
Economics of Forest Certification 230
Cost of Certification for Indian Companies 238
Conclusion 239
10.Sustainability and Forest Certification 241
Revisiting the Goals of Forest Certification 241
Revisiting the Key Aspects of Sustainability : Three Pillars of Sustainability 241
Forest Certification for Climate Change Mitigation 253
Conclusion 255
11.Challenges and Potential of Forest Certification 257
Challenges to Forest Certification 257
Certification Challenges in India 261
The Way Forward for Forest Certification 267
Convergence of Forest Certification with REDD+, PES, and Carbon Labelling 274
Conclusion 277
References 279
Index 291
About the Author 311