Preface ix Introduction 1 PART I Ancient India, 3000 B.C. - 1192 A.D. 1 Indus Valley Civilisation 17 2 Composition of the Four Vedas and the Birth of the 20 Vedic Schools 3 Change and Reaction Within the Vedic Schools; Composition 32 of the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and the Upanishads 4 Challenge to the Vedic Schools: The Age of Asceticism 44 5 The Age of the Buddha and of the Birth of the 52 Buddhist Viharas 6 Reaction to the Challenge of the Buddhist Viharas: 66 The Age of the Sutras .. i; 7 The Vedic Schools and the Vocations: The Development82 of the Ingredients of a Prosperous Civilisation 8 The Ascendancy of the Vedic Schools and of the Buddhist Viharas 94 9 The Decline of the Vedic Schools and of the Buddhist Viharas110 10 The Art of Writing, Language and Literature 125 PART II Medieval India, 1192 A.D. - 1757 A.D. 11 The Dramatis Personae 143 12 The Muslim State: Its Nature and Administration 152 13 The Structure and Nature of Islamic Education 156 14 The Age of Sultans 167 15 The Age of Padshahs 185 16 The Age of Naib Sultans and of Nazims 212 17 Advancement of Learning by the Muslim Nobility 226 18 The Age of Vocations 238 19 Hindu Learning 246 20 Vernaculars and Village Schools 261 21 Education of Girls and Women278 PART III Modern India, 1757 - 1999 22 The East India Company's Role in the Development of 285 Education in India 23 Towards Education in the English Medium 298 24 The Decade After 1835 317 25 Education in the Presidencies: Bombay, Madras and the 330 North-Western Provinces 26 Missionaries and Enlightened Indians 336 27 The Age of Dalhousie, 1848-1856 342 28 Expansion of Education Till 1882 361 29 The Hunter Commission368 30 Developments in the Post-Hunter Commission Years 376 31 Towards a Control of Higher Education 379 32 The Age of Curzon, 1899-1905385 33 National Education Till 1912 409 34 The Government of India Resolution on Indian Education 416 35 The Calcutta University Commission 419 36 Education Under Dyarchy424 37 Education Under Provincial Autonomy 435 38 Independent India: Towards a National Policy on Education 451 39 The Critical Years Till 1998 468 40 A Post-Mortern 484 A Retrospection 493 Bibliography 503 Index 522