International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Acknowledgements 2 Introduction 6 Section One Focus on ethics in aid Chapter 1 Humanitarian ethics in disaster and war 8 Box 1.1 Politics and peace building fail to save millions in DRC 13 Box 1.2 Struggling to do right in Angola - stay, leave or speak out? 16 Box 1.3 Meeting whose needs? 22 Box 1.4 Humanitarian and development ethics - common ground? 24 Box 1.5 Using the Code of Conduct as an evaluation tool 30 Box 1 .6 Principles guiding humanitarian- military relationsn 35 Figure 1.1 Global humanitarian equity? 20 Figure 1.2 Making the right ethical decisions 37 Chapter 2 Building capacity - the ethical dimensions 42 Box 2.1 Malawian NGOs jumpstart disaster response and rights debate 44 Box 2.2 Code of Conduct 52 Box 2.3 Decentralized disaster management - a mixed blessing 56 Chapter 3 Famine stalks southern Africa66 Box 3.1 Regional vulnerability assessments - an opportunity for consensus 72 Box 3.2 Genetically modified food aid fuels ethical debate 76 Box 3.3 Zimbabwe factfile 78 Box 3.4 Humanitarian principles - text signed by Zimbabwean NGOs 80 Map Southern Africa 68 Chapter 4 Afghanistan - power politics or ethical principles? 90 Box 4.1 Deadly drugs earn die poorest a living 96 Box 4.2 Afghan refugees become political pawns 97 Box 4.3 Expatriate presence risks undermining recovery 99 Box 4.4 Can there be peace without justice? 103 Map Afghanistan 93 Chapters Forced migration - forgotten disaster? 110 Box 5.1 Some factors driving international migration 114 Box 5.2 Trafficked survivor tells her story 116 Box 5.3 Migrants promote hometown reconstruction and recovery 119 Box 5.4 Burundi's displaced women face disease and destitution 121 Box 5.5 Asylum rules risk repeating apartheid 129 Figure 5.1 Number of migrants by continent, 1990 and 2000 113 Section Two Tracking the system Chapter 6 Measuring the impact of humanitarian aid 134 Box 6.1 Comparing Gujarat responses using die Code of Conduct 138 Box 6.2 Impact and accountability in Afghanistan - a moving target 141 Box 6.3 Central Mindanao - mix of data helps fine-tune response 142 Box 6.4 Tracking three years of impacts in El Salvador 144 Box 6.5 ALNAP: improving performance through improved learning 152 Chapter 7 Measuring disasters: challenges, opportunities and ethics 156 Box 7.1 Munich Re - values exposed 160 Box 7.2 Obstacles to better data collection 163 Box 7.3 Counting the cost of conflict, famine and disease 166 Box 7.4 Defining who is disaster-affected in Malawi, 1997-2003 171 Box 7.5 Recommendations for action at national level 175 Box 7.6 Recommendations for action at international level 176 Figure 7.1 Active and passive mortality surveillance compared 164 Chapters Disaster data; key trends and statistics 173 Box 8.1 Data methodology and definitions 180 Table 1 Total number of reported disasters by continent and by year (1993-2002) 181 Table 2 Total number of people reported killed by disasters, by continent and by year (1993-2002) 182 Table 3 Total number ot people reported affected by disasters, by continent and by year (1993-2002) in thousands 183 Table 4 Total amount of disaster estimated damage, by continent and by year (1993-2002) in millions of US dollars (2002 prices) 184 Table 5 Total number of reported disasters, by type of phenomenon and by year (1993-2002) 185 Table 6 Total number ot people reported killed by disasters, by type of phenomenon and by year (1993-2002) 186 Table 7 Total number of people reported affected by disasters, by type of phenomenon and by year (1993-2002) in thousands 187 Table 8 Total amount of disaster estimated damage, by type of phenomenon and by year (1993-2002) in millions of US dollars (2002 prices) 188 Table 9 Total number of reported disasters, by continent and by type of phenomenon (1993-2002) 189 Table 10 Total number of people reported killed by disasters, by continent and by type of phenomenon (1993-2002) 1,90 Table 11 Total number of people reported affected by disasters, by continent and by type of phenomenon (1993-2002) in thousands 191 Table 12 Total amount ot disaster estimated damage, by continent and by type of phenomenon (1993-2002) in millions of US dollars (2002 prices) 192 Table 13 Total number of people reported killed and affected by disasters, by country (1983-1992; 1993-2002; and 2002) 193 Table 14 Refugees and asylum seekers by country/territory of origin (1996 to 2002) 201 Table 15 Refugees and asylum seekers by host country/territory (1996 to 2002) 204 Table 16 Significant populations of internally displaced people (1996 to 2002) 208 Figure 8.1 ODA net disbursements by DAC donors in 2001 210 Figure 8.2 ODA as a percentage of DAC donors' GNl in 2001 210 Figure 8.3 Emergency/distress relief by DAC donors in 2001 211 Chapter 9 A network both global and local 212 Chapter 10 Worldwide support 226 Index 232 Fundamental Principles