INTRODUCTION PART 1 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT: THE KERALA EXPERIENCE 6 Literacy and Patterns of Education 8 Employment/Unemployment Profile of Women 8 Political Participation of Women 13 Household Duties 14 State Policy on Women 16 Appendix 1 18 TOWARDS DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES 19 The Constitutional/Legal Framework of Decentralisation in India: A Brief Overview 19 The Kerala Experience 21 Gender Responsiveness of Decentralised Governance Structures 23 Appendix 2 26 BUDGET MAKING AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE MACRO SCENARIO 29 The New Framework for Local Level Budget-making 30 Receipts and Expenditures of Local Bodies: A Macro Picture 32 Local Bodies' Expenditures vis-a-vis State Level Allocations 33 GENDER ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT BUDGETS: OUR METHODOLOGY 38 Our Methodology on Gender Budgeting at the GP Level in Kerala 39 PART 2 THE SELECTED GRAM PANCHAYAT (GPs) AND NINTH PLAN-BUDGETS 42 Socio-economic Profile of Selected GPs 42 Socio-economic Profile of Women GP Members 44 GP Plan-Budgets 44 A GENDER ANALYSIS OF THE PANCHAYAT PLAN-BUDGETS 52 The Women Component Plan-Budget 5 5 Data on WCP for the Selected Panchayats 56 GENDER DIFFERENTIATED BENEFIT INCIDENCE ANALYSIS AND BENEFICIARY ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDY OF PHC, KARAKULAM PANCHAYAT 63 Functioning of the Karakulam PHC 64 Methodology for the Gender Disaggregated Benefit Incidence Analysis 66 Beneficiary Assessment Analysis 69 MAJOR FINDINGS AND POLICY CONCLUSIONS 75 REFERENCES 80 LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Gender Disparity (M/F) in the different levels of educational achievements of Kerala 9 1.2 Work Force Participation Rates (Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status) 11 1.3 Unemployment rates for the educated (15 years and above) 12 1.4 Number of women of age 15 years and above usually engaged in household duties 15 2.1 Distribution of elected representatives of local bodies in Kerala, 1997 22 2.2 Selected characteristics of elected representatives of local bodies in Kerala, 1995 23 3.1 Select allocations for women specific programmes 33 3.2 Guidelines for allocations by sector 34 3.3 Ninth Five-Year Plan: Financial performance during 1997-2000 35 3.4 Details of Plan Grant Release and Expenditure in the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-02) 37 5.1 Basic details of the panchayats 43 5.2 Socio-economic profile of panchayat members 45 5.3 Plan-Budgets of the four selected panchayats 48 5.4 Sector wise expenditure-allotted and actual (Rs. mn) 49 5.5 Panchayat-wise sectoral distribution of Actual Expenditure as a percentage of Planned Expenditure (AE/PE) 50 6.1 Women Component Plan, Mandatory, Allotted and Actual Expenditure (Rs. '000) 56 6.2 WCP, Kadinamkulam (in Rs.) 57 6.3 WCP, Karakulam (in Rs.) 58 6.4 WCP, Nellanadu (in Rs.)59 6.5 WCP, Pothencodu (in Rs.) 60 7.la PHC, Karakulam 65 7.lb Sub-centres, Karakulam 65 7.2 Outpatient register of the PHC 67 7.3 Immunisation data 68 7.4 Number of persons availing treatment for diseases in 2003 69 7.5 Number of respondents going to PHC and not going to PHC 70 7.6 Gender wise distribution of health seeking behaviour 70 7.7 Reasons for going to PHC 70 7.8 Reason for not going to PHC 70 7.9 Dealings of doctor and other staff (in percentage) 71 7.10 Availability of physical facilities (PHC) 71 7.11 Arrangements for medicine supply unit/registration counter etc. 71 7.12 Is medicine available all the time? 71 7.13 As a woman, any difficulty in going to PHC? 71 7.14 Is there any special programme for women, in PHC? 72 7.15 Knowledge about child/mother care 72 7.16 Knowledge about dengue fever 72 LIST OF CHARTS 4.1 Selected Gram Panchayats in Trivandrum District and Pattern of our Participation 40 7.1 Structure of Primary Health Centres in Kerala 63