List o/Illustrations xiii Acknowledgments xv 1Introduction: In Pursuit of Appropriate Theory 1 Useful Fallacies, 2 Assuming Progress o Patenting Modernism o Blaming the Victim Limiting the Options Speaking in Tongues: The Communication Problem, 8 Appropriate Technology and Appropriate Theory, 9 Notes, 12 Part One Development in Theory: Meanings and Models 2 Defining Development and Its Nemesis 15 Identifying the Problem, 16 What Price Progress? 17 The Reckoning, 19 Empowerment and Sustainability: An Alternate Vision, 20 Notes, 21 Suggested Readings, 21 3 Explaining Development: Theories and Models23 Assuming Harmonic Interests, 24 Liberal Internationalist School o Development and Modernization Theorists o Cultural Causation o Interdependence Assuming Discordant Interests, 27 Marxism and Marxism-Leninism o Dependency Theory o The Center-Periphery Model and World Systems Theory International Political Economy, 30 The End of Debate, 31 . The Neoliberal Monologue o Dissidents, Heretics, and Outliers Notes, 36 Suggested Readings, 38 4 Measurements and Findings 40 Aggregate Data and the Law of the Instrument, 40 The Challenge of Intangibles, 43 Modernization o Empowerment Notes, 51 Suggested Readings, 52 Part Two Development in Practice: Actors and Strategies 5 Donor Strategies and Programs 55 U.S. Development and Foreign Assistance Policy, 55 Security and Economic Interests o The Promising Ambivalence of Camelot o Feiver Carrots, More Sticks *New Directions for the 1970s o Privatization and Militarization o A Post-Cold War Face-Lift o U.S. Development Policy in Perspective Other Donor States and Institutions, 72 The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) o The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) o The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) o Multilateral Financial Institutions o Trade and Investment Regimes and Rules The United Nations and Its Affiliates, 82 Nongovernmental Organizations, 85 Notes, 89 Suggested Readings, 91 6 Third World Strategies 93 Import-Substitution Industrialization, 94 Export-Led Growth, 95 The East Asian Tigers and Cubs o The Meltdown of 2997 and Its Lessons o Implications for Export Promotion Economic Integration, 102 The Post-World War II Phase o The Post-Cold War Phase Multilateral Bargaining, 107 The LDC Caucus o NCO Networks Resource Management and Commodity Cartels, 110 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) o Other Producer Associations o Harnessing Energy: The Latin American Experience Notes, 116 Suggested Readings, 116 7 Political Counterparts and Consequences 118 Revolutionary Strategies, 119 Strategy and Circumstance o Making the Most of Motivation o Cuba: The Last Holdout o Options Closed, Lessons Learned Counterrevolutionary Strategies, 125 Political Demobilization o Economic Restructuring o Virtual Transition: The Chilean Model Democracy in the New Order: The Absence of Accountability, 132 Election to Office, Not to Power o Democracy as Blame Sharing Notes, 137 Suggested Readings, 137 Part Three Development in Focus: Contemporary Issues and Themes 8 Development and the Gender Gap 143 Getting the Price Wrong, 143 The Mixed Message of Modernization, 144 The Burden Shifting of Structural Adjustment, 147 Implications for Development, 148 Notes, 150 Suggested Readings, 151 9 The Fragile Ecology of Mother Earth 152 Exporting Garbage, 153 Sharing Hardships, 155 Questions of Equity and Responsibility, 157 Flunking the Millennial Review, 159 Contents Rio Phis Five o The Politics of Global Warming Notes, 161 Suggested Readings, 162 10 Food Insecurity: Cocaine and Other Cash Crops 164 Making War on a Cash Crop, 165 Trafficking in Food, 167 The Agroexport Advantage, 168 Notes, 169 Suggested Readings, 170 11 The Homeless, the Stateless, and the Indigenous 171 Refugees, Migrants, and Misfits, 171 The Plight of the Indigenous, 174 Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity, 175 Notes, 176 Suggested Readings, 177 12 Macrodebt and Microcredit 178 Debt Crisis and Debt Maintenance, 178 From Crisis to Treadmill o The Payoff for Creditors o The Catch-22 for Debtors The Informal Sector, 182 Microcredit and Microenterprise, 183 Notes, 185 Suggested Readings, 186 Part Four The Process and the Protagonists: Paradoxes of Development 189 13 The Process: Games Developers Play Paradox No. 1: In Public Affairs, No Matter How Bad Things Appear to Be, They're Actually Worse, 190 Paradox No. 2: Were It Not for Wrong Reasons, There Would Be No Right Things Done, 191 Paradox No. 3: To Every Solution There Is a Problem, 193 Paradox No. 4: Development Programs Are Given Impetus, Not by Underdevelopment, but by the Fear of Development That Is Not Programmed from Above, 196 Paradox No. 5: Credit Is Extended Mostly to Those Who Do Not Need It, 199 Paradox No. 6: Third World Governments Are Weakened by the Lack of Pressures, 202 Paradox No. 7: The Primary Beneficiaries of Rural Development Programs Are the Cities, 205 Paradox No. 8: The Most Reliable Guardians of Any Ecosystem Are Those Who Do Not Have the Option of Leaving, 206 Notes, 209 Suggested Readings, 210 14 The Protagonists: Donors, Clients, and F.ield Agents 212 Paradox No. 9: The Experts Are Always Wrong, 213 Paradox No. 10: Rural Development Is a Process Whereby Affluent Urban-Dwellers Teach Poor Peasants How to Survive in the Countryside Without Money, 215 Paradox No. 11: The More Important an Agency's Mission and the More Efficient Its Performance, the Sooner It Will Be Suppressed, 218 Paradox No. 12: Sophistication in the Development Process Is Acquired and Program Continuity Maintained Not by Donor Institutions but by Client Organizations and Individuals, 221 Paradox No. 13: In the Third World, There Is a Need for Technicians Who Are Less Well Trained, 224 Paradox No. 14: Distance Unites, 226 Paradox No. 15: In the Land of the Blind, the One-eyed Man Is a Subversive, 228 Notes, 230 Suggested Readings, 231 15 On Motives and Consequences 233 Paradox No. 16: There Is No Such Thing as a System That Doesn't Work. Every System Works for Somebody, 233 Paradox No. 17: The More Important the Decision, the Fewer and Less Well Informed Will Be Those Involved in Making It, 238 Paradox No. 18: Before a People Can Determine Its Own Future, It Must Take Back Its Past, 241 Paradox No. 19: Maintaining Stability at the Apex of a Sharply Graduated Social Pyramid Requires Perpetuating Instability at the Base, 244 Paradox No. 20: Treating the Symptoms May Prolong the Disorder, 247 Paradox No. 21: He Who Pays the Piper Does Not Necessarily Call the Tune, 252 Paradox No. 22: Any Program That Pretends to Promote Organization and Self-Help on the Part of the Have-Nots Runs the Risk of Being Successful, 255 Notes, 257 Suggested Readings, 258 16 Conclusion: Leaning on the Limits 260 The Heist of the Peace Dividend, 261 The Specter of Globalization, 262 Obstacles into Assets, 266 Investing the Tribute, 267 Notes, 269 Appendix: Black's Laws of Public Affairs and Paradoxes of Development 271 Index 285