9 INTRODUCTION 15 THE FOURTH TYPOLOGY 15 Building and Civilization 20 Structure and Type 23 Type and the Modern Standard 25 The A-priori Type 27 The A-posteriori Type 28 Interpreting 34 Serial and Organic Structures 38 The Typological Process 48 Interpreting and Design 60 Notes 65 THE BUILDING TYPE 67 The Elementary Type 73 The Courtyard House 85 Reading the Courtyard as an Organism of Systems ol Structures of Elements: 85 Fez 91 Mostar 95 Aleppo 104 Mediterranean Typological Processes 117 The Colonial Tenement House in Algiers 125 Notes 131 THE BUILDING TISSUE 131 Aggregative Principles 136 On the Urban Fabric 138 Routes and Building Tissues 153 The Courtyard Tissue 162 Interpreting Building Tissue and Urban Fabric 170 Cul-de-sac 174 Notes 179 THE URBAN ORGANISM 181 The Urban Nucleus Type 192 The Labyrinth of the Hierarchies 205 Interpreting the Urban Fabric 215 One City does not Hide Another 223 The City: Neither Spontaneous Nor Created 21,2 Notes