CONTENT : Preface xiii Acknowledgement xvii Abbreviations xix Chapter-I GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Natural divisions-coastal plains-north coastal plains, middle coastal 1-19 plains and southern coastal plain-subdivisions of the coastal plains, Middle mountainous country-subdivisions-northern uplands, erosional plains of Mahanadi and south-western hilly region, Plateaus and Rolling uplands, River valleys, Climate, Natural vegetation, Soil, Minerals, Population, Early man, Historical Background- Ancient Orissa-names -Kaliriga, Tosala and Tosall, Utkala, Odra, Kosala. Chapter-II TOPOGRAPHY Altitudes of land above the sea level, Mountains and hills known 20-37 from epigraphs, Rivers, Forests, Soil, Place names after mountains and hills, after water, rivers, streams, rivers indirectly referred, tanks, lakes, water conveyance, Climate, Earth surface- folds of earth, wavy surface, dissected earth, sandy surface, dusty surface, marshy soil, Hard soil, salty soil, Colour of the earth. Chapter-Ill FLORA OF THE REGION Types of forests in Orissa, Forests in ancient times-Dandakaranya- 38-62 Chedikarusavana, Forest kingdoms-Mahakantara, Remnants of ancient forests-Places named after vana, Administrative divisions named after Vana-Vanavishaya, vanamandala, vanagrama, vana-vanikasthana, khandas-khandavishaya, khandadesa, khanda-kshetra, karandakshetra, Administrative divisions named after different species of tree and grass, mandala, vishaya, madamba, gramas named after different species of tree, plants, bamboo, grass, reed etc., Vadis and gardens, Places enclosed with trees, Some names without suffix cr prefix, Flower plants, Vegetables and fruits, Oil seed's plants, Some species of tree mentioned in the grants. Chapter-IV36-70 FAUNA OF THE REGION 63-70 Domestic animals-cowherds, cow stalls, goats, ram, horse, elephants, Forest Animals-lion, boar, jackal, rhinoceros, deer, noxious animal, rodent, aquatic animals, Reptiles, Birds- Sakunaka, black bee, night bird, Bherunda, Aquatic birds. Chapter-V 71-83 SETTLEMENTS Different types of settlements-Palli, Palligrama, Vatagrama, Vataka, 71-83 Vatakagrama, Vada, Vadi, Vadagrama, Vadapataka, Vadapataka-grama, Patagrama, Pataka, Patakagrama, Paragrama, Padagrama, Padra, Padrikagrama, Padrakagrama, Padravishaya. Size-Bada, Nanva, New settlement, Decayed settlement. Position-Interior, Region with limits, Divided settlements, Settlements on the bend of road, Low level, High level. Shapes-Straight, Extended, Twin settlements. Different concepts-Prosperity, Auspicious events, Comforts, Immortal City, Atmosphere, Disturbed places, New divisions, Fearful valleys. Chapter-VI 84-221 ADMINISTRATIVE GEOGRAPHY (i) Administrative machinery and Administrative Geography up to the rise of Sailodbhava Dynasty-Historical Background, South Orissa-Central authority, officers, Administrative divisions-vishaya, bhoga, madamba, panchali, South Eastern Orissa-Vishaya, Rashtra, South Western Orissa-Mandala, North Orissa-Bhukti, Vithi, Desa, Tosali-Administrative officers, Administrative divisions-Vishaya, Aharavishaya, (ii) Administrative Geography under The Sailodbhava Dynasty-Historical background, Kohgoda and Kongodamandala, Administrative divisions - District-wise analysis of the divisions, Administrative organisation-officers. (iii) Administrative Geography under the Bhaumakara Dynasty-Historical background, UbhayaTosala, Administrative units-Mandalas, Vishayas. Districtwise analysis of administrative divisions, Extent of Bhaumakara kingdom, Capital of the kingdom Guhadevapataka, Administrative officers, Feudatories-Sulki Principality-Kodalakamandala-Divisions- Mandala and Vishaya. Nanda dynasty- Principality-Airavattamandala- Divisions- Vishaya. Turiga dynasty-Principality- Yamagarttamandala-Divisions- Vishaya, Region of Yamagarttamandala. (iv) Administrative Geography under the Bhanja Dynasty- Historical background-Bhanjas of Mayurabhanj, Bhahjas of Khinjalimandala Miscellaneous Branches. Khijjihgamandala, Divisions-Bhoga, Vishaya, Khinjalimandala- Divisions-Vishaya, and Palli and Khandavishaya. (v) Administrative Geography under the Somavarhsins-Historical background, Administrative divisions - Kosaladesa-Mandalas, Vishayas. Odradesa-Mandalas, Vishaya and Khandas. District-wise analysis of the administrative divisions. Regions of Kosala, Odra and Trikalinga. (vi) Administrative Geography under the Gahga Dynasty-Historical background, Early Gahgas, Svetaka Gahga, Imperial Gahga dynasty. Administrative divisions-Pahchali, Bhoga,Pahchalivishaya-Pusyagiripanchalivishaya, Khandavishaya, Hembakamatam-bavishaya, Hamanibhogavishaya, Samantibhuktivishaya. Chapter-VII SOCIETY 222-282 Brahmanas and Agraharas, Lands, Tax free and tax paying grants, Farmers and Donees, South and South-east Orissa-Agraharas, Villages, West and Southwest-villages, lands and agraharas, North and North-east-villages, Agraharas Lands, Purchased lands, Bhatta Brahmanas. Brahmanas and 6ailodbhavas- Lands. Bhaumakaras and Brahmanas, S\ilki dynasty, Nanda dynasty, Tuhga dynasty-Bhattaputras and Bhattagramas, Karasasana. Bhanja dynasty- Bhattaputras, Bhattagramas. Somavarhsins-Bra/tmanfls with surnames, Migrant Brahmanas, Lands. Gahga dynasty- Brahmana officers, Prime minister, Ministers, Astrologer, Brahmana Writer, Traders, Kshatriyas-Doners, Builders, Agriculturists. Vaisya-Agriculturists, Traders, Writers, State and military officers, reshthi, Place names- Cattle rearing, Sudras-Elephant catchers, Professional castes-Metal workers, Seal makers, Images, Goldsmiths, Blacksmiths, Weapon makers, Coppersmiths, Perfume makers, Dyers or Colour makers, Potters, Clay modelers, Conchshell workers, Weavers, Distillers, Toddy drawers, Hunters, Bird catchers, Reed workers, Carpenters Bards. Other people-Kahka, Kohka, Guha, Bhilla, Kola, Kommo, Savaras, Kokkata, Paduma-, Gond, Mana, Kira, Saonta etc. Family life-Joint family, Donee family, Honours to ancestors, Marriage systems-Intercaste marriages, Polygamy, Position of women - Female rulers, Devadasi and darika, Dancers in Buddhist Mahavihara, Female mendicants, Material life-Pots and pans, food and drinks, Sweetening articles, Vegetables, Fruits, Nonvegeterian food, Dress and ornaments, Toilet articles, Means of entertainment-Music and dance concerts, Drama. Chapter-VIII ECONOMY 283-361 Landed wealth Royal land, Samantas, Warriors, Religious institutions, Ascetics, Buddhist institutions, Brahmana donees, Royal officers. Nature of the soil, Level, Earth Surface, Different types of land, Terms denoting Cultivated land, Agricultural implements, Irrigation, Tanks, Manure. Agricultural products. Other products-Fruits and Vegetables. Demarcations of the boundaries of the donated villages and lands- Methods of measuring lands, Different measures, rights and privileges of the donees, Land revenue. Industries- Based on agricultural products and other related industries- Animal rearing-Cowherds, Cowsheds, Cowstalls. Forests-Place names-general forests, Peculiar species of trees, Fire wood forest, Trees of multiple uses, Silky cotton plants, Aquatic fruits. Industries and professions based on forest products. Place names, Grass and Reed workers, Arrow and Bow makers. Liquor making-Place names. Faunal wealth-professions-Hunters and catchers, Trappers and catchers. Ivory products and workers, Place names after elephants, Reptile catchers, Bird catchers. Water Resources- Rivers, Streams, Tanks, Lakes, Aquatic birds, Aquatic animals, Fishes and Tortoises-Professions- Fisherman, and his tools and implements-Nets and Boats, Conchshell and pearl collectors, Water transportation-Place names, Boats, Ferry charges, Boat making. Mineral Sources-Stones, Stone workers Technique of breaking hard stones, Sculptors. Metal industries- Iron weapons and implements.Place names. Coppersmiths-Place names, Bronzesmiths, Goldsmiths and jewellers, Precious and semiprecious stones, Salt makers. Trade-Traders, Place Names-Markets, Trade guilds or trader's organisations. Place names-Riverine routes, Octroi and taxes, Pattanas. Maritime trade-Ports, Land routes, Trade Articles, Boats, Folk tales and festivals. Chapter IX RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS 362-400 Jainism- images. Buddhism-centers of Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism, Bhaumakara Dynasty-Position and spread of Buddhism. Somavarhsins and Buddhism-Goddess Khadiravam and Kurukulla, Tantrika cult. Ganga dynasty. Saivism-Epithet Parama Mahesvara, Dynasty wise review of the position of Saivism- Temples, Place names after Siva, Images, Temple rituals, Ascetics, Different sects-Pasupata- Images of Lakulisa, Pasupata traditions, Mattamayura-Ascetics, Images of Nataraja on different parts of the temple at Bhuvanesvara, Kapalika and Kalamukha- Vratas, Main deities-Bhairava and Chamunda-Iconography, Images, Temples, Different names-Charchika, Kalesvari. Mahishamardini, Saptamatrika, Tantra deities, Some other goddesses, Minor goddesses- Trinadevata Stambhesvari, Parnnadevata. Vaishnavism- Epithets, names of Kings and God, Temples, Sculptures, Composite images, Independent images, Temple of God Purushottama, Vaishanava Goddesses-Sculptures. Sun worship. Sacrificial rituals. Chapter X EPILOGUE 401-405 Takes the survey of interesting features of the region revealed through study. Select Bibliography 406-413 Index 415-417